Question $1-$ True$/$False Questions on Bioprocess Engineering $(44$ Points$)$

$1\mathrm{.}1.$ True $/$ False Questions $(26$ Points$)$

$($Please write next to each statement with clear marks $"$T$"$ or "True" for true and $"$F$"$ or "Folse" for folse. Each correct answer $(a-m)$ will be credited by $2$ points.$)$

$($a$)$ Grown in an expensive medium rich with all of the amino acids, vitamins, and growth factors, mammalian cells have a higher growth rate than yeast and bacteria.

$($b$)$ Primary metabolites are organic compound that are not essential to life and not required for cell growth and development.

$($c$)$ Composition of dry biomass can be simplified down to $2$ organic elements including hydrogen and oxygen.

$($d$)$ Ammonium $(NH4+$ serves as a carbon source in anabolism resulting in production of biomasses.

$($e$)$ As an example for inducible promoters, LacZ promoter in $E.$ coli starts expression of the protein of interest when IPTG $($Isopropyl $-$d$-1-$thiogalactopyranoside$)$ is added to the cell culture.

$($f$)$ Extracellular proteins are the concentrated proteins inside the cytoplasm of the microorganism and can be problematic for purification in down$-$stream operations, as there are many other proteins present within the cell.

$($g$)$ Chinese hamster ovary $($CHO$)$ cells can glycosylate proteins with a mammalian glycosylation pattern.

$($h$)$ Change in the temperature from $40C$ to $50C$ is expected to increase the enzyme conversion of the substrate

$($i$)$ In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the same binding region of the enzyme, where the substrate binds to$.$

$($j$)$ The objective of a good process design is to maximize the lag phase period and minimize the length of exponential growth phase.

$($k$)$ Maintenance $(m)$ refers to the use of energy for the preservation of cellular structure and integrity. For an aerobic organism, glucose consumption for maintenance $(m)$ is higher than an anaerobic microorganism, as oxygen uptake requires more energy consumption and energy production in aerobic conditions is less efficient

$($I$)$ Herbert$-$Pirt substrate distribution relation gives information on how much of the substrate is consumed for each growth, product formation and maintenance.

$($m$)$ For aerobic processes, where the product formation is kinetically linked with growth, Herbert$-$Pirt substrate distribution equation contains only two terms: growth rate $()$ and maintenance $(m{s}_s),$ but not the product formation rate $(qp).$