QUESTION $2-$ Article $(35$ MARKS$)$

AI and Expert Systems Case Study

Case Study: MYCIN Expert System for Bacterial Infections

Background: MYCIN was an early expert system developed at Stanford University in the $1970$s$,$

designed to diagnose bacterial infections and recommend antibiotic treatments.

Key Features:

$$ Knowledge base with about $600$ rules from medical experts

$$ Inference engine using backward chaining

$$ Uncertainty handling with certainty factors

$$ Natural language interface for doctor interaction

Performance: MYCIN outperformed junior doctors and matched or exceeded experienced specialists

in diagnosing bacteraemia and meningitis.

Significance:

$$ Demonstrated AI's potential in medical diagnosis

$$ Pioneered uncertainty management in expert systems

$$ Influenced subsequent medical AI development

Limitations:

$$ Not used clinically due to ethical and legal concerns

$$ Limited by contemporary computing technology

$$ Struggled with explaining reasoning satisfactorily

Legacy: While not clinically deployed, MYCIN influenced many subsequent expert systems and

modern clinical decision support systems.

Questions

$2\mathrm{.}1$ Define Artificial Intelligence and explain the difference between narrow AI and general AI within the

context of MYCIN. Provide two examples of each and also describe five key aspects of human

intelligence. For each aspect, explain how it relates to both human cognition and current AI

capabilities. $[10$ marks$]$

$2\mathrm{.}2$ Artificial Intelligence $($AI$)$ encompasses several distinct branches, each focusing on different aspects

of creating intelligent systems. Discuss the six major branches of AI within the context:

For each branch:

$$ Provide a brief definition and explain its primary focus.

$$ Describe a real$-$world application or technology that utilizes this branch of AI$.$

$$ Choose three of the six branches and explain how they might intersect or complement each

other in a complex AI system. Provide a specific example to illustrate your answer

$[15$ Marks$]$

$2\mathrm{.}3$ You have been asked to develop an expert system for Takash Bank. Write a report that explains to

executive management the importance of an expert system in the banking sector. In your report

also include the key components of an expert system that need to be includes as part of the

development

For each component, provide:

$$ A clear definition

$$ An explanation of its role within the Expert System for the bank

$$ A brief example of how it functions within the banking sector

Your answer should demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of what an Expert System is and

how its components work together to mimic human expert decision$-$making.

$[10$ Marks$]$

QUESTION $3(35$ MARKS$)$

$3\mathrm{.}1$ Global Tech Solutions, a mid$-$sized software company, has been approached by a large retail chain,

MegaMart, to develop a new inventory management system. MegaMart wants to streamline its

supply chain, improve stock accuracy, and enhance customer satisfaction. The system needs to

integrate with existing point$-$of$-$sale systems and provide real$-$time updates to both store managers

and warehouse staff.

a$)$ Identify and briefly describe the roles of five key participants who should be involved in this

systems development project.

b$)$ For each of the following SDLC approaches, explain how the project might be executed and discuss

one advantage and one disadvantage of using that approach for this specific project:

i$)$ Traditional SDLC

ii$)$ Prototyping

iii$)$ Rapid Application Development $($RAD$)$

iv$)$ End$-$User Development

c$)$ Based on the scenario and your analysis in part $($b$),$ recommend the most suitable SDLC approach

for this project. Justify your choice with two specific reasons related to the project requirements or

constraints.

Your answer should demonstrate a clear understanding of the different roles in systems

development, the characteristics of each SDLC approach, and the ability to apply this knowledge to

a real$-$world scenario.

$[20$ Marks$]$

$3\mathrm{.}2$ TechSecure, a medium$-$sized financial services company, has recently experienced a series of

cybersecurity incidents. The company's IT department is concerned about the increasing

sophistication of these attacks and wants to educate employees about various types of computer

crimes and protective measures.

a$)$ Define computer crime and briefly explain its potential impact on businesses like TechSecure.

b$)$ TechSecure has identified several specific threats. Identify and explain at least five threat that

TechSecure may face. Discuss countermeasures that TechSecure could implement to protect against

these threats. For each countermeasure:

$$ Briefly explain how it works

$$ Describe its effectiveness against the identified threats

Your answer should demonstrate a clear understanding of various types of computer crimes, their

potential impacts, and the role of different security measures in protecting against these threats.

$[15$ Marks$]$