Question $3(25$ Marks$)$

a$)$ Explain the working principle of the R$-2$R DAC ladder

$[5$ Mark$]$

b$)$ Find the output from a $4-$bit Bipolar DAC with $20$V reference for input, N of $10.$

Hint: $=($

$2$

$$

$$

$1$

$2$

$)$

$[5$ Marks$]$

c$)$ Find is the output voltage of a $4-$bit DAC with $5$V reference if the input is $10012?$

Hint: $=[12$

$1+22$

$2+...+2$

$$

$]$

$[5$ Marks$]$

d$)$ Find the successive approximation ADC output for a $4-$bit converter to a $5\mathrm{.}13$V input if

the reference is $10$V$.$

$[10$ Marks$]$