Question $3$:

a$)$ Describe the process of ray casting in computer graphics and its role in generating realistic

images.

b$)$ Explain the principles and algorithms involved in photon mapping for global illumination

simulation.

c$)$ Discuss the concept of texture mapping and its applications in enhancing the visual quality

of rendered objects.

Question $4$:

a$)$ Define transformations in computer graphics.

b$)$ Explain the role of transformations in manipulating objects in $2$D and $3$D space. $(4$ marks

c$)$ Discuss the differences between translation, rotation, and scaling transformation

including their mathematical representations.

d$)$ Provide examples of real$-$world applications where transformations are used to

manipulate graphical objects.

Question $5$:

a$)$ Discuss the concept of texture transformations and their use in mapping textures onto $3$D

b$)$ Explain the different types of texture transformations, such as translation, rotation, and

and how they affect the texture mapping process.

c$)$ Discuss the challenges and considerations involved in aligning textures properly on com

surfaces.