QUESTION $44$

A p$-$chart

a$.$ counts the number of non$-$conformances per unit

b$.$ can have negative lower limits

c$.$ uses continuous metrics.

d$.$ is used to monitor the proportion of nonconforming items

$q,$

QUESTION $45$

Common cause variation

a$.$ can be reduced through corrective action, which is the responsibility of the workers who run the processes

b$.$ is easily detectable with statistical methods and control charts

c$.$ is a natural part of the technology and process design and cannot be controlled

d$.$ cannot be reduced even if better technology, process design, or training is provided