Question $4$:

$(5$ Marks$)$

CO$2$

Design a semaphore$-$based synchronization mechanism for a system with multiple

producer and consumer processes sharing a bounded buffer. Producers generate

items and add them to the buffer, while consumers retrieve and process these

items. The buffer has a fixed capacity, so semaphores must ensure that producers

are blocked when the buffer is full and consumers are blocked when it is empty.

Additionally, ensure mutual exclusion so that only one process, whether a

producer or consumer, accesses the buffer at a time, preventing interference

between processes.