Question $4$

$($a$)$ Water flows at a rate of $0\mathrm{.}04\frac{m_3}{s}$ in a $0\mathrm{.}2$ m diameter circular pipe that contains a sudden

contraction to a $0\mathrm{.}10$ m diameter pipe. If the loss factor, $K_L,$ is $0\mathrm{.}4,$ determine the pressure

drop across the contraction section.

$[8$ marks$]$

$($b$)$ How much of this pressure difference is due to losses and how much is due to kinetic

energy changes?

$[6$ marks$]$

$($c$)$ Explain the physical mechanism $($i$.$e$.$ the features in the flow field$)$ that causes the losses.

$[6$ marks$]$