QUESTION THREE

$[20]$

TQM is a philosophy, a way of thinking and working, that is concerned with meeting the needs and expectations of customers. It tries to move the focus of quality away from being a purely operations activity into a major concern for Jhe entire organization. Through TQM$,$ quality becomes the responsibility of all departments and sections in the organization. It also targets the costs of quality by trying to reduce particular failure costs. TQM also espouses the process of continuous improvement. Discuss the TQM concepts under the following headings:

$3\mathrm{.}1$ Continuous Improvement

$3\mathrm{.}2$ Six Sigma

$3\mathrm{.}3$ Employee empowerment

$3\mathrm{.}4$ Benchmarking

$3\mathrm{.}5$ Just$-$in$-$Time $($JIT$)$