Question.Based on the uploaded paper , suggest practical solutions for Demand Management in Gaza Strip?

E. 3 of 19 Demand-sode wagement Energy efficiency Demand response Strategic load growth Market-sel program Reliability-hese program Demand bidding Interruptible load Real-time pricing Direct load control Real-time wate Emergency program Critical packade Time-of-userate Figure 1. Vous Dem Demandes de management techniques 2.1. Energy Efficiny Energy efficiency is defined as a long-term conservation strategy that aims to save energy and reduce demand through energy-efficient processes. Examples of energy efficiency programs include house-appliance efficiency enhancement and weatherization (29). Weatherization involves protecting , a building from external elements, such as wind and sunlight and upgrading buildings to decrease energy consumption and losses. The implementation of energy-efficiency programs can decrease demands during on-peak times and average power system costs, as well as postpones the need to expand power system capacity 126 Energy efficient strategies include 1 Adopting every efficient buildings and appliances to optimize mergy consumption and encouraging the wrgy-conscious behavior of 1271 2. Improving and conducting the regular maintenance of electrical equipment 121 by recovering beat waste, enhancing maintenance procedures, using modern equipment with optimized designs and practing cogeneration 1271 3. improving the efficiency of power transmission and distribution networks by using (1) distributed generation (2) advanced control systems for voltage regulation, three-phase balancing power factor correction and data acquisition and analysis in supervisory control and data acquisition systems; (5) modem technologies, such as low-loss transformers, gas installation substations smart metering and fiber opties for data acquisition and (4) high-transmission voltages 27). 22. &t Demand reporte (DR) involves a short and manipulation program that aims to influence energy consumption behavior DR is defined as the clunges in electric mage by end se consumers from Hivi compion patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity er lime, or force payments designed to andar kroner placericity ase at times of leigl ulcsale prices ar vient sustine diablity is enfin 1285 Given that one of the schvantages of DR is that it affects load directly, other DSM techniques are gradually being replaced by DR programs in the new electricity market environment1291 3310 DE is performed using cilher valley Alling to build loads during of peak periods 30 peak clipping to reduce loads during on-peak periods or load shifting, which combines valley-tilling and peak-clipping activities 21 As shown in Figure 1 DR programs are further divided into either reliability-based or market-based DR programs|31). In rehability-based DR programs, consumers decrease their loads and/or voluntarily of involuntarily participate in controlled appliancese. In turn, consumers derive economic Incentives by enrulling in this program By providing real-time electricity market prices, market-based DR programs provide consumers with the options to adjust electricity consumption Reliability based DR programs consist of the following 1. Interruptible load program. This program is usually applied by large industrial and commercial Co who can shut down their ad for a short duration. In this programmes eve discounted electricity rates as compensation for acting service interruption. However they can also be penalized if they do not participate in the program when required 2 Dinct load control program. In this program, the utility is allowed to directly into pl or reduce Come power supply during peak demand times after consumers are notified. In retum, interrupted consumers receive compensation 1281 3. Ency program Conces are given incentives to reduce their demand during system contingencies In contrast to the interruptible and program, this program does not impose my penalties of consumers cannot participate 22. Market-based DR programs consist of the following 1 Demand bidding program. This program allows major consumers to bol for specific loud curtaiments Consumers stay at a fixed rate and they receive high payments when wholesale electricity prices are high 1281. 2 Real-time pricing program: Electricity production costs fluctuate over time and average system costs are fixed without considering its undesirability, particularly for large commercial and industrial consumers. To address these issues, the real-time pricing program is introduced and implemented through the following 131): a. Time-ob-use rate. This rate is a price offered over a wide range of time periods, that is seasonal menthly, weekly of daily. The rate is voluntary and reflects Produkty basic production as to decrease consume demands during periods of high prices [21 Critical peak rate. This rate offers consumers dynamic pricing that reflects actual market costs during critical peaks This rate is usually othered a day ahead of the expected peak and a predefined but may be dynamic when necessary Critical peak pricing rates can be used to improwe power system reliability because they reflect the system state. Hence, If appropriate critical peak pricing signals are sent out consumers may participate by decreasing load during system stress events Real-time rate. In this program, consumers pay rates that are a function of actual market rates. Prices are usually supplied hourly or a day ahead to enable preplanning. Thus, rates will vary depending on the fluctuations in electricity supply 1321 2.3. Strategie ad result Strategic load growth is defined as increased electrical energy load and is normally induced by utilities through dual fuel heating, heat pumps, therual storage thermal energy stored during ollpeak times for use during on peak periods) and promotional rates. Strategic load growth is Senetimes unavoidable because of the general increase in wlectricity demands, especially with the advent of electric vehicles of modern power systems (22) or air conditioning in warm countries (331