QUESTIONS

• Address the analysis and evaluation below.
• Expand or remark upon the integration of relevant resources.
• Answer question(s) posed by your colleague(s) for further discussion.
• Extend or constructively challenge your colleagues' work.

Response, must include a minimum of two appropriately cited reference and in-text citation

ANALYSIS

Qualitative research is conducted by collecting data using various sources to identify a subjective aspect of a social situation or problem. It can be used to understand reasons and motivations for how problems are solved or handled (Quintao et al., 2020). Multiple sources of evidence, triangulation of data, review of reports and interviews, and a logical structure of events are used to implement case study research. Four tests can measure the quality of the research design: Construct validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability (Yin, 2018).

The construct validity test measures whether multiple sources of evidence were used in the collection of data, and whether key informants (Yin, 2018) reviewed the draft case study. It is critical that researchers accurately describe their participants' experiences (William & Kouam, 2024). The internal validity test is used for explanatory and causal studies to determine whether there is a connection between experiences. Pattern matching, explanation building, acknowledgement of divergent explanations, and logic models are used to test internal validity during the data analysis phase of the research (Yin, 2018). External validity testing demonstrates if and how a case study's findings can be generalized to other situations. Testing the reliability of the research includes a review of data collection methods used and determining whether they can be repeated to get the same results.

The quality, reliability, and validity of data are critical to doctoral research. Saunders et al. (2019) describe several quality issues that could negatively affect a doctoral research study, including reliability/dependability, bias, cultural differences, generalizability/transferability, and validity/credibility. Reliability/dependability data quality issues can be avoided if the researcher preserves decisions made throughout the research process by using an audit trail log (Ahmed, 2024). Engaging with colleagues, experts, and faculty throughout the process to seek out feedback helps to combat bias. Cultural differences may affect what the interviewee is willing to divulge, and how the researcher interprets data collected (Saunders et al., 2019). Generalizability/transferability refers to how well the research can be applied to other situations, and validity/credibility refers to a researcher's ability to understand a participant's experience and to assess the meaning of the words a participant uses to explain that experience.

Combating reliability, and validity issues in doctoral research can be achieved by using multiple sources of evidence, developing clear procedures, using small-scale research instrument testing, and triangulating research (Yin, 2018).