Indicate (by using in the appropriate position) how the following changes influence the permanent deformation p / rutting of granular materials/layers (a) Basalt

Indicate (by using “√” in the appropriate position) how the following changes influence the permanent deformation δ p / rutting of granular materials/layers

 

(a) Basalt is substituted for crushed granite (b) Deviator stress is increased from 5 psi to 35 psi (c) Preconditioning is changed from (0=45 psi/03=15 psi) to (0-15 psi/03-15 psi) for 1,000 load cycles (d) Fines ( < No. 200) content increases from 7% to 14% (e) An "open-graded" layer replaces a "dense- graded" crushed limestone airport pavement subbase (f) Water content of an uncrushed gravel base course is increased by 4% (g) Density is increased from 92% AASHTO T99 to 100% AASHTO-T180 (h) Coal dust fouled ballast becomes saturated under rainfall Permanent Deformation 8 p Significant Significant Little Increase Decrease Effect