Read the article found below and analyze the included charts/graphs.

Provide a detailed review of any four (4) aspects of the ongoing battle. Each aspect should be in a separate paragraph.

When many Americans sheltered in their homes early in the coronavirus pandemic, meal delivery sales reached new heights. Our data reveals that in March 2021, sales for meal delivery services grew 116 percent year-over-year, collectively. Shelter-in-place orders may also be driving more Americans to make their first meal delivery purchase. In March 2021, 47 percent of U.S. consumers had ever ordered from one of the services in our analysis, up from 38 percent a year ago.

These thriving businesses are in the spotlight during the COVID-19 era. In December, DoorDash made its public market debut with one of the biggest IPOs of 2020, while Uber acquired Postmates at the end of November in an attempt to consolidate market share and boost profitability. Uber is also seeking ways to diversify its existing business, such as by launching a U.S. grocery delivery service and acquiring alcohol delivery company Drizly. Meanwhile, DoorDashs partnership with CVS marks the companys first foray into grocery delivery.

DoorDash and its subsidiaries earned 55 percent of U.S. consumers meal delivery sales in March 2021, while our data indicates Uber Eats came in second place with 22 percent. Its worth noting that our sales metrics may differ from publicly reported earnings for a number of reasons. First, some Uber Eats transactions are indistinguishable from Uber Rides transactions in Bloomberg Second Measures data, and this issue was especially pronounced from May 2019 to mid-August 2019. Additionally, Bloomberg Second Measures data does not include Uber Eats purchases made using Uber Cash or purchases made by corporate customers, an area where Uber Eats is reportedly making inroads. Our analysis includes aggregated debit and credit card purchases from a panel of millions of anonymized U.S. consumers. Postmates earned 5 percent of the U.S. meal delivery market in March, bringing Uber Eats total market share to 27 percent.

Grubhub and its subsidiaries, which include Seamless and Eat24, came in at 17 percent of U.S. meal delivery consumer spending in March 2021. (Purchases made through LevelUp, which Grubhub acquired in late 2018, are not included in our analysis. Neither are college student meal plan purchases made through Grubhub subsidiary Tapingo.)

One of the industrys smaller services, Waitr, earned 1 percent of national sales. In January 2020, the company announced plans to lay off all drivers in favor of using contractors. The change came weeks after Waitr installed a new CEO as it tried to boost share prices and remain listed on Nasdaq.

Grubhub and DoorDash control different parts of the country

Food delivery services have strongholds in different metro areas. For example, Grubhub is the most popular service in New York, while Uber Eats is the most popular in Miami. DoorDash rakes in more than half the sales in the two biggest Texas metro areas, Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston, and nearly three-quarters of the market share in its Bay Area home turf.

Subscription meals have appeal

As meal delivery services look for new ways to grow in cities big and small, one emerging answer is subscriptions. Last year, Grubhub announced its answer to Postmates Unlimited (launched in 2016) and DoorDashs DashPass (launched in 2018). Notably, in December 2019, DoorDash partnered with Chase to give free DashPass memberships to millions of credit card holders. (These free memberships are not included in Bloomberg Second Measures data.) Uber is also testing various subscription plans for food, rides, bikes, and scooters.

In March 2021, 22 percent of Postmates customers were subscribers, a proportion thats grown 6 percentage points over the past year. DashPass also attracted 23 percent of DoorDashs customers, not including the promotional memberships they offered Chase users.

Companies vie for restaurant partners

Another very popular growth strategy for meal delivery companies has been forming partnerships with the nations top chain restaurants. (Though many services have also been in the news for listing restaurants that do not want partnerships.) Last year, DoorDash officially teamed up with Little Caesars Pizza, a brand that has never previously offered delivery. DoorDash has other deals with Wendys, Chick-fil-A, and McDonalds, the biggest fast food chain in the country, which also offers delivery with Uber Eats.

Starbucks has a contract with Uber Eats, Popeyes with Postmates, and Taco Bell and KFC with Grubhub. Yet, as Uber Eats and Grubhub public filings show, partnerships dont always lead to revenue. Often, larger partners pay the delivery services lower fees, decreasing their take rates or even causing them to lose money. Conversely, some restaurants that are relying heavily on delivery amidst the COVID-19 pandemic have reported losing money on orders as delivery companies charge high service fees, prompting policy intervention in many cities.

However, the partnerships seem to be driving sales for some of the restaurants. The Cheesecake Factory and Chipotle have publicly credited DoorDash with boosting their revenue. In March 2021, Bloomberg Second Measure data shows 19 percent of The Cheesecake Factorys sales came through DoorDash (before subtracting DoorDashs cut or the delivery tip). The delivery service accounted for 11 percent of March sales at Buffalo Wild Wings and Chipotle.

Fewer customers are loyal to a single service

Despite overall industry growth, the battle for customers is getting more intense because fewer of todays diners are loyal to just one service. (Grubhubs CEO has cited promiscuous customers as a hindrance to his companys growth.) In the first quarter of 2019, 62 percent of Grubhubs customers didnt use other meal delivery services. Two years later, its fallen to 44 percent, as competing services woo customers with different restaurant offerings and promotional prices.

Postmates has the lowest percentage of exclusive customers (34 percent). DoorDash saw 56 percent of customers use them exclusively in the first quarter of 2021, and for Uber Eats, it was 40 percent. All of the services in our analysis have a lower percentage of exclusive customers than they did two years ago.

Not surprisingly, the biggest meal delivery services are also the most likely to share customers. Around 40 percent of each companys diners also ordered food from top competitor DoorDash in the fourth quarter of 2020.

As more restaurants form exclusive delivery partnerships, more diners are going to have to hop between apps to cover all their favorite takeout spots. The least loyal customers, it seems, will also be the most well fed.

*Note: Bloomberg Second Measure regularly refreshes its panel and methods in order to provide the highest quality data that is broadly representative of U.S. consumers. As a result, we may restate historical data, including our blog content. We recommend using only the latest post in assessing regional market share.