Read the case and answer the case study question 3.

You should write more than 150 words in your answer.

Beyond Street Smarts: Data-Driven Crime Fighting a Saturday afternoon last summer, Mark Rasch Police departunents were motivated to implement or took his son to his baseball game at a park in Georgetown, upgrade IT systems by the Y2K frenry, Bierkow says. "Dy Maryland. The ballpark: is located in an area that has zone 20002001, cverybody had some level of digital informaparking with a two-hour limit. Rasch was forced to park in tion," he says. That and CompStat led to a movement a spot that was a bit of a hike from the ball field. He later Inown by the initials II.P, which stand for "information-led cyed an opening closer to the park and moted his car there. policing" or, according to some, "intelligence-led policing." The game ended, Rasch packed up, and was ready to The concept is simple: Leverage data to help position pull away when he noticed a parking enforcement officer limited police resources where they can do the most good. writing tickets. "I'm OK, righe?" he asked, sssuming that It's an cffort to be more proactive, to "change the environbecause he had moved his car she wouldn't know he'd been ment," Berbow says, from the reactive, response-oriented parked in the zone longer than two hours. Wrong. The officer not only knew that he had moved To a great extent, data are about the contect of crimihis car, but also when and how long he'd been parked nal behavior. "We know that the same small group of crimwithin the zone. Fortunately, she didn't write him a ticket, inals is responsible for a disproportionate amount of as he was about to pull out. But the encounter left Rasch, crime," says lierkow, Police rcfer to that group as PPOn: who is a lawyer and a cyber-security consultant, a little persistent prolific offenders. Past criminal behavior, sach as spooked at the realization of jost how much information domestic violence, can be a strong indicator of potential law enforcement is generating. furure problems. When Berkow was chicf in Savannah, his If there was a time when law-enforcement agencics department went through data on recent homicide cases suffered from an information deficit, it's parsed. Of the and noticed an interesting data point Of 20 -some arrests more than 18,000 law-enforcement agencies across the for homicide, 18 of those people had prior arrests for pooUnited States, the vast majority has some form of technol- sesion of fircarms. "We started this very detailed revicw of ogy for collecting crime-related daea in digital form. The every aspect of our gun arreats, "he syyx biggest city agencies have sophisticated data warehouses, Law-enforcement officials often refer to the need for"acand even the most provincial are database savvy. tionable infomation." Oane of the first ways police agcacies So it's not surprising that law-enforcemcnt and crimi- used incident-report data in digital form was in conjuncvion nal justice agencies are running into the same data-related with geographical information systems, in support of whar's problems that CIOs have been expericncing for years: en- known as clectronic crime mapping, or hot-spoe analyss. suring data quality and accessbilaty, developing and enfore- Police in the city of Edmonton, Alherta, brought in ing standards for interoperability, and exploiting those data analysis technology from basiness intelligence vendor digital resources in the most effective mannef. Cognos (now part of IBM) a few years ago. The first proj- The era of data-driven law enforcement began in the earhy ect police ofticials concentrated on was using the reporting 1900 in New York Ciry. It was there that police chicf William tool in conjunction with a ncw geographic-tused resource Biratton sought to impress newly elected mayor Rudolph deployment model being implemented by the agcncy. Our Giuliani with a nadical approach to policing that came to be business analytics reports became a key oomponent of how lanown as Compstat. CompStat put an emphasis on leveraging we deployed policemen around the city" says John Warden, data-dcxurate, dctailed, and timely-to optimise policx wotk. staff sergeant in the businces performance section of the "Police deparuments are powerful colliectors of data," Fimonton Police Service. suys Michael Berkow, president of Altegrity Security Con-_ Now the agency is using the data to plot criminal acsulting, a newly launched division of security firm Alegrity. tivity according to both geographic area and oomparative Before joining ASC last month. Berkos was chief of the histony. "We're really delving into those analytics in terms of Savannah-Chatham police deparument, and before that he ploce and time," ays Warden. The boly grail of informationwas second-in-command to Bratton in Los Angeles after led policing is what's referred to as predictive policing: Eratton left New York to be chicf of the L.APD. That's where Chicago wants to go. The Chicago PD pant peopect from insurance data provider ISO and the Na operates what Jonathan Lewin, eommander of information tional lnsurance Crime Bureau (NiCE). CargoVet will serviees, refers to as "the largest police transaction datahase collect up to 257 ficlis of data, derailing such things as the in the United States." Costing $35 million, Chicagos Citizen deitinatinn, plate aumber, and carrier, the time, date, and and Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting (CI.FAR) location of the theft, as well as serial numbers and other sysrem processes wall the arrests for all the deparuments in ideneifying details on the seolen goods. Refreshed several Cook counry-about 120 - in real tame," Lenin says, and times per day, CargaNer is expected to utack more than 450 local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies have 10,000 events per year, driving boeh a nutional alerting sysquery access to it. Leuins II shop has about 100 staffers and tein and a correspooding truck-stop wanch program. employs berween 10 and 20 contract workers from Oracle, Truck theft happens monty on weckends, and irk rife whose dacabase technology the system is based on. around the Los Angeles basin, Arlanta, Miami, Dallav/ Chicago PD is working with the Illinois Institute of Fe. Worth, and Memphis, Tenncese. Trucks and trailers Technolosy (III), by way of a $200,000 grant from the Na- Dpically slip away in the dark of nighe from truck seops, rest tional Instirute of Justice, on an "initial exploration" of a areas, distritueice centers, and transfer poines. The goods predictive policing modcl. The grant was awarded party most often hit afe consumer electronics, food, wine and on the basis of work done by Dr. Miles Wernick of If in spirits, chothing, and other items cibly sold on the strect. the area of medical imaging and pattern recognieion, and These hisconical pattems are well lanown, bat cops on the the project involves exploring "nontraditional disciplines". Ieat necd up-to-the-minute information on the latest truck: and how they might apply to crime projection. "We're go- stops and disenbution centers hic, the time of day perperrators ing to be using all the data in the CL.FAR system, "Lewin surike, and the tyje of goods seolen. Carriers and manufictursyys, inclading arrests, incidents, calk for service, street- ers want frot, nationwide information so they can change the gaag activity, as well as weather data and commaniry con- timing of dethveries and woid specific trud stops and routes. cerns such as reports of nonworking strectlights. - This Inserers want a single source of data so they can get a better model will seek to use all these variables in attempting to gunge rivk and being the problem under conerol nationwide. model futare pattems of criminal activity, he says. All this collecting, warehousing, and mining crimeSPSS is a name often asociated with pecfictive polic- trlated dara begs the queition: How moch is too much? ing. The statistical analysis sofware developer, recently ac- The Georgerown incident srill bothers Rasch. - What it quired by IBM. has cuseomer histories that soue the success meant was that D.C. was leeping a daeatase of people who of its tools in the criminal justice environmenr, such as the are legally parked," says Rasch, which, from a privicy seandMemphis, Tennessec, police force, which SPSS says re- point, is -more itatusie than challing the tires." duced robberies by 80 percent by identifying a particular Pertinent questions include- How long do they hold on "hor spot" and proactively deploying resouroes there. to that daca? And with whom do they share it? Ir's an impor- Bat can sofmare really predict crime? "It's not a binary tunt discussion to have, boch in terms of prwacy and effective yes or no, it's more of an asvessracnt of risk-how probable police methods. After all, as Rasch poines our, it was a parksomething is," says Bill Haffey, technical director for the ing ticket that led so the arrest of serial kilice Son of Sam. public sector at SPSS. The private sector is also doing its part. CargoNet, the SOURCF:Jahe Soat, "Bopoel Sertet Simare," be, ir matienilwh. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What are some of the most important benefis derived by the law-enforcement agencies mentioned in the How are they different? Where do these problems case' How do these technologies allow them to beter come fromi Fyplain. 3. Imagine that you had access to the same crime-related ment similar to those that could be found in coempanies? REAL WORLD ACTIVITIES 1. The case diecusses many isses related m data qualiry, 2. The case discusses the large volame of very deailed insharing, and aceessibility that are faced by both govcmment bodies and for-profit organizations. Go onformation collectad daily by lrw-enforcement agencies line and research how these isser manifest themselves Knowing this, how comfortable do you feel abour the storing and sharing of that data? What policies would in companies, as well as some of approaches used to manage them. Would those issaes apply to police deyou pat in place to asuage some of those concerns? paruments? Prepare a report to share your findings. Break into small groups with your chesmates to discuss these heses and arribe at some recommendations