Retrofitting using FRP Laminates in Civil Engineering Projects:

Retrofitting refers to the process of strengthening or upgrading existing structures to enhance their performance, durability, and safety. One method of retrofitting commonly used in civil engineering projects is the application of Fiber Reinforced Polymer $($FRP$)$ laminates. Here is a brief explanation of retrofitting using FRP laminates:

$1.$ FRP Laminates: FRP laminates are composite materials made of high$-$strength fibers, such as carbon or glass, embedded in a polymer matrix. These laminates are lightweight, corrosion$-$resistant, and have high tensile strength. They are used in retrofitting to provide additional strength and stiffness to existing structures.

$2.$ Strengthening Structural Elements: FRP laminates are commonly used to strengthen structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and walls. The laminates are bonded to the surface of the structural element using epoxy adhesive. The added FRP laminate layer enhances the load$-$carrying capacity and flexural strength of the element.

$3.$ Flexural Strengthening: Flexural strengthening is a common application of FRP laminates in retrofitting. By applying FRP laminates to the tension face of beams or slabs, the flexural capacity of the element is increased. This helps to prevent or control cracking and improve the overall structural performance.

$4.$ Shear Strengthening: FRP laminates can also be used for shear strengthening of structural elements. By applying FRP laminates to the shear$-$critical regions of beams or columns, the shear capacity of the element is enhanced. This helps to improve the resistance against shear failure and increase the overall structural integrity.

$5.$ Seismic Retrofitting: Retrofitting using FRP laminates is particularly beneficial in seismic$-$prone regions. The added stiffness and strength provided by the laminates help to improve the seismic performance of structures. FRP laminates can be used to reinforce structural elements, such as columns or walls, to enhance their resistance against lateral forces during earthquakes.

Objective type question:

Which of the following is a common application of FRP laminates in retrofitting civil engineering structures?

A$)$ Increasing compressive strength B$)$ Enhancing tensile strength C$)$ Improving fire resistance D$)$ Reducing corrosion susceptibility

Please choose the correct option $($A$,$ B$,$ C$,$ or D$)$ based on the information provided.