SECTION A: J data is pro cessed, stored, and transmitted as a series of 1s and Os. Each 1 or 0 is called a(n) 7. A series of eight Os and 1s, called a(n) J. represents one character-a letter, number, or punctua. tion mark. Data becomes when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. Digital signals are represented by two different , such as +5 volts and +2 volts. Digital data can also take the form of light and dark spots etched onto the surface of a CD or the positive and negative orientation of particles on the sur- face of a hard disk. data consists of numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations. It can be represented digitally using the number system. data is com- p osed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations. Computers represent this type of data using 1. Unicode, or UTF-8. Data is quantified using terms such as or kibibyte (1024 bytes), and prefixes such as or mebi (1,048,576), and giga or L (1,073,741,824). To reduce file size and transmission times, digital data can be com- pressed. compression provides the means to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state. compression throws away some of the original data during the compression process. Compressed files usually have at the end of the file name and are represented with special icons. These files have to be or unzipped before you can view the data they contain SECTION B: Music, voice, and sound effects can all be as a download, stream, or on-demand recorded and stored on a computer as stream. MIDI music is sound that is audio. To digitally record sound, L artificially created. A series of MIDI of the sound are collected at periodic intervals and stored as specify the pitch, volume, and duration of notes that sound numeric data. High-quality sound is usually sampled at 44.1 like various musical instruments. MIDI files are typically J. and each stereo sample requires 32 bits of much smaller than digital audio files for similar musical pas- storage space. To conserve space, radio-quality recordings of sages. However, MIDI music tends to lack the full resonance speaking voices are often recorded at lower sampling rates. of symphony-quality sound that can be achieved with digital Digital audio file formats include WAV, AAC, WMA, FLAC, audio. Speech is the process by which Ogg, and MP3. Most portable media players work with MP3 machines, such as computers, produce sound that resembles format or with the format, used for .m4p spoken words. Speech refers to the abil files at the iTunes Store. These media files can be acquired ity of machines to "understand" spoken words. SECTION C: A bitmap graphic is composed of a grid of puter to fill in missing pixels, which often results in a jag. tiny rectangular cells called 1. The color ged or image. Image compression of each cell is stored as a(n) number. shrinks the size of a graphics file. Popular bitmap graphics formats include BMP, TIFF, GIF, compression is used for images stored in JPEG format, but JPEG, RAW, and PNG. Both scanners and cameras pro- compression is used for PNG, duce images in bitmap format. Digital display devices rep- GIF, and TIFF files. Photoediting software includes tools, resent colors using the color model. such as an image , that adjusts Although colors are ultimately represented as bits when a brightness values for various ranges of pixels. Algorithms graphic is stored or transmitted, color values can be speci- for scrub out designated areas of fied in binary . or decimal Color an image and replace the missing pixels. Clipping paths and refers to the number of colors avail- alpha blending are useful for digital able for use in an image. The dimensions of the grid that forms when you want to assemble parts of several photos into one a bitmap graphic are referred to as its image. Panoramic and 360-degree images can be assembled It is possible to change the resolution and/or the file size using image to match the edges of of a bitmap graphic; but because bitmaps are resolution a sequence of photos. Stereoscopic effects can be achieved J. these changes can reduce image with a photo pair or by creating a(n) quality. For example, enlarging a bitmap requires your com- with red and blue coloration. SECTION D: Unlike a bitmap graphic, created by superimposing a grid of pixels over an image, a vector graphic consists of a set of instructions for creating a picture. Vector graphics are stored as a collection of and their corresponding sizes, colors, and positions. The big advantage of vector graphics is that they can be enlarged without becoming . Vector graphics are created by using software. A vector graphic can be converted into a bitmap by a process called . Once converted, however, the result- ing graphic loses the object-editing qualities it had in its vector state. The most common vector graphics format for the Web is 1. 3D graphics are stored as a set of instructions that contain the locations and lengths of lines that form a(n) for a 3D object. This framework then can be covered by colored, patterned, and tex- tured surfaces. This process, called produces a bitmap image of the 3D object. tracing adds highlights and shadows to the image. 3D graphics can be to produce animated spe- cial effects for movies. Real-time required for 3D computer games and virtual reality. SECTION E: Footage for digital videos can be suppressed format using intraframe and plied from a digital source, or from an) compression. Software, such as MPEG, DivX, Theora, and source that requires conversion. In addition to standalone digi- H.264, that compresses the video stream is referred to as a(n) tal cameras, digital footage can also be obtained from cameras A compression embedded in handheld devices and from such as 5:1, indicates the degree of compression. Video and built in above a computer screen. Video resolution varies, but audio streams are combined into the final video file and stored 1080p is common. The "p" stands for using an) format, such as AVI, MOV, or scan. Most videos today have a widescreen aspect ratio of WebM. So-called 3D movies are technically J. Most videos are output in a com- in their use of anaglyphs or stereograms. SECTION A: J data is pro cessed, stored, and transmitted as a series of 1s and Os. Each 1 or 0 is called a(n) 7. A series of eight Os and 1s, called a(n) J. represents one character-a letter, number, or punctua. tion mark. Data becomes when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. Digital signals are represented by two different , such as +5 volts and +2 volts. Digital data can also take the form of light and dark spots etched onto the surface of a CD or the positive and negative orientation of particles on the sur- face of a hard disk. data consists of numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations. It can be represented digitally using the number system. data is com- p osed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations. Computers represent this type of data using 1. Unicode, or UTF-8. Data is quantified using terms such as or kibibyte (1024 bytes), and prefixes such as or mebi (1,048,576), and giga or L (1,073,741,824). To reduce file size and transmission times, digital data can be com- pressed. compression provides the means to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state. compression throws away some of the original data during the compression process. Compressed files usually have at the end of the file name and are represented with special icons. These files have to be or unzipped before you can view the data they contain SECTION B: Music, voice, and sound effects can all be as a download, stream, or on-demand recorded and stored on a computer as stream. MIDI music is sound that is audio. To digitally record sound, L artificially created. A series of MIDI of the sound are collected at periodic intervals and stored as specify the pitch, volume, and duration of notes that sound numeric data. High-quality sound is usually sampled at 44.1 like various musical instruments. MIDI files are typically J. and each stereo sample requires 32 bits of much smaller than digital audio files for similar musical pas- storage space. To conserve space, radio-quality recordings of sages. However, MIDI music tends to lack the full resonance speaking voices are often recorded at lower sampling rates. of symphony-quality sound that can be achieved with digital Digital audio file formats include WAV, AAC, WMA, FLAC, audio. Speech is the process by which Ogg, and MP3. Most portable media players work with MP3 machines, such as computers, produce sound that resembles format or with the format, used for .m4p spoken words. Speech refers to the abil files at the iTunes Store. These media files can be acquired ity of machines to "understand" spoken words. SECTION C: A bitmap graphic is composed of a grid of puter to fill in missing pixels, which often results in a jag. tiny rectangular cells called 1. The color ged or image. Image compression of each cell is stored as a(n) number. shrinks the size of a graphics file. Popular bitmap graphics formats include BMP, TIFF, GIF, compression is used for images stored in JPEG format, but JPEG, RAW, and PNG. Both scanners and cameras pro- compression is used for PNG, duce images in bitmap format. Digital display devices rep- GIF, and TIFF files. Photoediting software includes tools, resent colors using the color model. such as an image , that adjusts Although colors are ultimately represented as bits when a brightness values for various ranges of pixels. Algorithms graphic is stored or transmitted, color values can be speci- for scrub out designated areas of fied in binary . or decimal Color an image and replace the missing pixels. Clipping paths and refers to the number of colors avail- alpha blending are useful for digital able for use in an image. The dimensions of the grid that forms when you want to assemble parts of several photos into one a bitmap graphic are referred to as its image. Panoramic and 360-degree images can be assembled It is possible to change the resolution and/or the file size using image to match the edges of of a bitmap graphic; but because bitmaps are resolution a sequence of photos. Stereoscopic effects can be achieved J. these changes can reduce image with a photo pair or by creating a(n) quality. For example, enlarging a bitmap requires your com- with red and blue coloration. SECTION D: Unlike a bitmap graphic, created by superimposing a grid of pixels over an image, a vector graphic consists of a set of instructions for creating a picture. Vector graphics are stored as a collection of and their corresponding sizes, colors, and positions. The big advantage of vector graphics is that they can be enlarged without becoming . Vector graphics are created by using software. A vector graphic can be converted into a bitmap by a process called . Once converted, however, the result- ing graphic loses the object-editing qualities it had in its vector state. The most common vector graphics format for the Web is 1. 3D graphics are stored as a set of instructions that contain the locations and lengths of lines that form a(n) for a 3D object. This framework then can be covered by colored, patterned, and tex- tured surfaces. This process, called produces a bitmap image of the 3D object. tracing adds highlights and shadows to the image. 3D graphics can be to produce animated spe- cial effects for movies. Real-time required for 3D computer games and virtual reality. SECTION E: Footage for digital videos can be suppressed format using intraframe and plied from a digital source, or from an) compression. Software, such as MPEG, DivX, Theora, and source that requires conversion. In addition to standalone digi- H.264, that compresses the video stream is referred to as a(n) tal cameras, digital footage can also be obtained from cameras A compression embedded in handheld devices and from such as 5:1, indicates the degree of compression. Video and built in above a computer screen. Video resolution varies, but audio streams are combined into the final video file and stored 1080p is common. The "p" stands for using an) format, such as AVI, MOV, or scan. Most videos today have a widescreen aspect ratio of WebM. So-called 3D movies are technically J. Most videos are output in a com- in their use of anaglyphs or stereograms