Separation of water and ethanol solution using distillation is difficult. Knowing that the two chemicals have significantly different boiling points for distillation processes to differentiate them. Which of the following is the most direct reasoning explaining the difficulty for water and ethanol to separate?

a$.$ Water and ethanol have hydrogen bonds, so their molecules repel each other.

b$.$ Water and ethanol have hydrogen bonds, so their mixtures have higher boiling points.

c$.$ Water and ethanol had hydrogen bonds, so they form stable complexes.

d$.$ Water and ethanol have hydrogen bonds, so their mixtures have unusually high heat capacities for mixtures.

When a liquid undergoes a phase transformation from gas to liquid, there's often an intermediate vapor form. This form is most evident in the presence of a vapor dome in the $P-V$ diagram. Which of the following is true about the vapor?

a$.$ The vapor has a constant composition of gas an liquid.

b$.$ The vapor follows the lever rule, which can help evaluate the amount of liquid and gas in the vapor.

c$.$ The vapor can be considered as a condensed gas, so it can be considered as a low pressure liquid. However, its properties are more closely related to gas.

d$.$ The Vapor is a chaotic phase, so there aren't any predictable properties.

Henry's law and Raoult's law are both laws to predict the properties of liquid mixtures. However, neither of the laws are perfectly accurately. Which of the following provides a proper explanation for the differences?

a$.$ Molecular interactions vary significantly with concentration of components, so the solution properties would undergo complex changes.

b$.$ Henry's law and Raoult's law only consider the solution, but the two laws fail to consider the contributions from the gas above the solution.

c$.$ Molecules in a solution are mobile and do not form permanent intermolecular bonds. Therefore, solutions are unpredictable.

d$.$ None of the above.