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Explore the comprehensive methodologies employed in the design and analysis of complex highway systems, focusing particularly on the integration of modern traffic engineering principles with advanced materials science. Discuss the theoretical frameworks that underpin the structural design of pavements and bridges, and elaborate on the role of load distribution and fatigue analysis in ensuring the longevity and safety of these infrastructures. Additionally, analyze the impact of environmental factors such as temperature variations, moisture content, and chemical exposure on the performance of highway materials. How do current design standards and specifications accommodate these variables, and what are the potential challenges in implementing these standards in diverse geographic regions? Furthermore, consider the evolving technologies in intelligent transportation systems $($ITS$)$ and their influence on highway design. How do traffic simulation models and real$-$time data analytics contribute to the optimization of traffic flow and reduction of congestion? Lastly, evaluate the sustainability considerations in highway engineering, including the use of recycled materials and green construction practices. What theoretical advancements are necessary to balance the demands of economic efficiency, environmental stewardship, and social impact in the development of future highway projects?