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What are the foundational theories underpinning civil engineering, and how do they shape the discipline's practices? Explore key theories such as structural mechanics, fluid dynamics, soil mechanics, and material science. Analyze their roles in designing infrastructure, buildings, and transportation systems. Investigate how these theories influence decision$-$making in construction projects, considering factors like safety, sustainability, and cost$-$effectiveness. Furthermore, examine how advancements in technology and research continue to refine these theories, enhancing the efficiency and resilience of civil engineering practices. Overall, elucidate the symbiotic relationship between theory and application in the evolution of civil engineering as a cornerstone of modern society.