Spindler, Incorporated $($a U$.$S$.-$based company$),$ imports surfboards from a supplier in Brazil and sells them in the United States.

Purchases are denominated in terms of the Brazilian real $($BRL$).$ During $2023,$ Spindler acquires $360$ surfboards at a price of BRL $1,600$

per surfboard, for a total of BRL $576,000.$ Spindler will pay for the surfboards when it sells them. Relevant exchange rates are as

follows:

Required:

a$.$ Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on September $1,2023,$ and made payment on December $1,2023.$ What is the effect

of the exchange rate fluctuations on reported income in $2023?$

b$.$ Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on December $1,2023,$ and made payment on March $1,2024.$ What is the effect of the

exchange rate fluctuations on reported income in $2023$ and $2024?$

c$.$ Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on September $1,2023,$ and made payment on March $1,2024.$ What is the effect of

the exchange rate fluctuations on reported income in $2023$ and in $2024?$

Note: Input all amounts as positive values.