S.R. Pandey, Superintending Engineer of Rural Roads Department, Patna, Bihar and two executive engineers, R.K. Choubey and S.K. Chatterjee, and the contractor Ram Kripal Singh had completed the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) on August 16, 2015. Seven days after the last meeting, another meeting was called to discuss whom to invite to discuss the detailed activities in the Work Breakdown Structure. S.R Pandey, R.K. Choubey, S.K. Chatterjee and Assistant Executive Engineer C.B. Batra were present at this meeting.

August 24, 2015, 3.00 pm, Office of SE, Bailey Road, Patna, Bihar Pandey: Welcome to the meeting again. How do we proceed now to develop a planned approach towards building this road? Choubey: We should start with the WBS and the network diagram. The WBS is now ready for this project. We also have to understand who the stakeholders in this project are. Stakeholders are those persons or institutions who have a direct or indirect interest in the performance of the project. So, management of stakeholders is an important element of this project. After we have understood the above, we will work on the resource and cost management aspects of the project. Resource and cost allocation will be taken up in the next meeting. We need to compute the time required to complete this project in number of weeks and accordingly calculate the resources required for and the cost of completing the project. Chatterjee: Yes, Sir, I think you are right; we should discuss this with the stakeholders, so that they too have some idea about the different activities in the WBS. What you think, Choubey? Choubey: Thats a great idea. We should make list of persons/agencies/organisations who are the stakeholders in this project and call them for a meeting. Batra, can you please make a list of the important stakeholders in this project? Batra: Sir, for this project, the important stakeholders are the contractor executing the project, the subcontractors, the Government of Bihar, the World Bank, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MOEF), the local people and the local Administrator (District Magistrate/Deputy Commissioners), Electrical Engineer and Telecom Engineer. Chatterjee wrote down a list of the stakeholders. Pandey: So, we have the list of stakeholders for this project; can you please invite them for the next meeting, about a week from now? We can have the meeting on August 31, 2015 at 11:00 a.m. in the conference room. Chatterjee: Ok, Sir, I will invite all the stakeholders for the meeting on August 31, 2015.

August 31, 2015, 11.00 a.m., Conference Room The list of stakeholders who were present in the meeting is as follows. Pandey welcomed all the stakeholders present in the meeting and decided the agenda of the meeting, which was to discuss in detail the activities in the project and how much time was required to complete each activity. Pandey: We need to obtain the necessary information about every activity from the Ministry of Rural Development Specifications for Rural Roads (published by Indian Road Congress, August 2004.) Before starting the construction of the road project, the contractor will have to mobilise the equipment required Table 1 List of Stakeholders Stakeholders Name Contractor Ram Kripal Singh Government of Bihar S.R. Pandey, R.K. Choubey, S. K. Chatterjee, C.B. Batra World Bank N.V. Mishra MOEF V.B. Rao Local(Village) people M.V. Tripathi Dy. Commissioner V.S. Srivastava Equipment supplier V.S. Sharma Electrical Engineer R.M. Gupta Telecom Engineer S.M. Das

Pandey welcomed all the stakeholders present in the meeting and decided the agenda of the meeting, which was to discuss in detail the activities in the project and how much time was required to complete each activity. Pandey: We need to obtain the necessary information about every activity from the Ministry of Rural Development Specifications for Rural Roads (published by Indian Road Congress, August 2004.) Before starting the construction of the road project, the contractor will have to mobilise the equipment required in this project. Ram Kripal Singh, can you complete these activities in two weeks? Singh: That would be quite difficult; three weeks would be better. Pandey: So, we decide that it can be done in three weeks. Batra: The next activity in the WBS is cleaning and grubbing. Singh, can you explain, what is to be done during clearing and grubbing, and how much time is required to complete this activity? Singh: According to the clause of manual 201.1, it should be completed in less than a months time. It consists of cutting, trimming, removing and disposing of all materials such as trees, branches, bushes, shrubs, grass, stumps, roots, jungle top organic soil not exceeding 150 mm thickness, rubbish, lose stones, boulders, etc. Pandey: So, can we set the target at three weeks? Singh: We should stick to the manual and set the time for this activity at four weeks. Mishra: What about land acquisition? Did you face any problem with the land acquisition? Chatterjee: No, we did not face any problem regarding land acquisition. Tripathi: Have you obtained the MOEF clearance for this project? Choubey: Yes, we have obtained the MOEF clearance. V.B. Rao, who is from MOEF, is also present today. He has helped us obtain the clearance. Pandey: Have we called for a public hearing and gone through the legitimate process for acquiring the land as per the Government of India rules? Chatterjee: Yes, we have already completed that process. Pandey: So, can we go for the next activity? Singh: The next activity is Excavation 1. As per the clause of manual 305.1, this work consists of excavating for the construction of the foundation for cross-drainage structure, retaining walls, headwalls and other similar structures, in accordance with the requirements of these specifications and the lines and dimensions shown on the drawing or as directed by the Executive Engineer. We would require about six weeks to complete this activity. Tripathi: What are the steps that need to be done by the Executive Engineer for relocating the electrical line, drainage line, water line and oil pipeline? Mr. Pandey: As per the manual, when there is any water during an excavation due to stream flow, seepage, rain or other reasons, the contractor shall take adequate measures such as pumping, constructing diversion channels, bunds and other necessary works to keep the foundation trenches dry when so required and to protect the green concrete/masonry against damage by erosion or sudden rising water levels. The contractor shall take all precautions to divert channels and discharge the drained water so as not to cause damage to the works, crops or any other property. So, what is the next activity? Singh: The next activity is Constructing Culverts and for that activity we follow the clause of manual 1101. This work shall consist of furnishing and installing reinforced cement concrete pipes of the type, diameter and length required at the location shown on the drawings or as directed by the engineer and in accordance with the requirements of this section. Srivastava: Which type of materials do you use for constructing culverts? Pandey: The reinforced concrete pipes for culverts shall be of NP-3 or NP-4 type conforming to the requirements of IS:458 as specified in the drawings. The internal diameter of the reinforced concrete pipes shall not be less than 900 mm except in exceptional situations where it may be 600 mm or 750 mm. Srivastava: How much time is required to complete this process of constructing the culverts? Singh: The time required to complete this activity is eight weeks. Pandey: Can we complete this activity within six weeks? Singh: No, Sir, it is not possible to construct culverts within six weeks. We require eight weeks. Pandey: Ok, agreed. So, what is the next activity? Chatterjee: The next activity is Excavation 2. The work shall include construction of the necessary sheeting, bracing, shoring, draining and pumping, removal of all logs, stumps and other deleterious matter and obstructions necessary for placing the foundation, trimming the bottoms of excavations, backfilling and clearing the site. Pandey: How much time is required to complete the excavation? Singh: We would need ten weeks. Pandey: Ok. So, what is the next activity? Batra: The next activity is drainage work it includes building underdrains, storm sewers and miscellaneous drainage structures. The side drains shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of Clause 307 of these specifications, to the lines, grades dimensions and other particulars shown on the drawings. The schedule of work shall be so arranged that the drains are completed in the proper sequence along with the road works to ensure that no excavation of the completed road work is necessary subsequently or any damage is caused to these works due to lack of drainage. Pandey: How much time is required to complete this activity? Singh: We expect to complete the work in six weeks. Tripathi: What is purpose of underdrains and what are advantages of using underdrains? Singh: The purpose of an underdrain is to collect the subsurface water before it appears on the road surface or in the road ditch. By intercepting this water, underdrains can help dry out the road base, ditches and banks that would otherwise be wet from emerging springs and seeps. The clean water collected by an underdrain can then be directed to a stable outlet location separate from the road surface drainage. Pandey: The advantage of using underdrains is that they are inexpensive and easily installed. Underdrains also decrease the volume of the water on the road surface. They save money by reducing maintenance time and the costs associated with perennially wet roadsides. Now, can we look at the next activity? Chatterjee: The next activity is Bridgework. We have two bridges in this project. They are similar bridges, with one being a little higher than the other. The two bridges can be constructed serially, or in parallel (at the same time). In case of sufficient resource availability, we can do these activities in parallel. The advantage of a network diagram is that we can plan resources and undertake the bridge construction in parallel. For bridge construction, the embankments have to be constructed first. This is followed by the construction of the substructures and then the superstructures. Batra: As per clause of manual 301.1, Construction of bridge A and bridge B embankments can be done only with materials taken out by excavating the earth from the other activities. The material taken out in this process could be reused in the embankments of bridge construction. All embankments and miscellaneous backfills shall be constructed in accordance with the lines, grades and cross-sections shown on the drawings or as directed by the Executive Engineer. Singh, I understand that Chatterjee has an excellent idea for bridge construction. Can we finish it in four-six weeks? Singh: But we have to consider that the bridge A embankment will require more time than bridge B. We request you to provide more time for bridge A. We will need eight weeks to complete the bridge A embankments and six weeks for the bridge B embankments. Pandey: Agreed, eight weeks for bridge A embankments and six weeks for bridge B embankments. Choubey: The function of the substructure is to transfer the load of the building to the ground and to isolate it horizontally from the ground. As per clause of manual 1204.1 construction of substructures for bridge A and bridge B, the work shall cover furnishing and providing of brick or stone masonry or cement concrete sub-structure in accordance with the drawings or as directed by the Executive Engineer. The time required to complete the bridge A and bridge B substructures is 16 weeks and 14 weeks respectively. Batra: As per clause of manual 1205.1, for the construction of the superstructures of bridge A and bridge B, the work shall cover furnishing and providing of reinforced concrete slab or box cell type or composite section with steel beam and reinforced concrete slab type or stone/brick masonry arch type superstructure in accordance with the drawings as per these specifications or as directed by the Executive Engineer. The time required to complete the superstructures for bridge A and bridge B is 14 weeks each. Pandey: Ok. So, can we go for the next activity? Batra: The next activity is roadwork and the first sub-activity in roadwork is fine grade and place sub-base. As per clause of manual 401, this work shall consist of laying and compacting well-graded material on a prepared subgrade in accordance with the requirement of these specifications. The material shall be laid in one or more layers as sub-base or lower sub-base and upper sub-base as necessary according to the lines, grades and cross-sections shown on the drawings or as directed by the Executive Engineer. Tripathi: What type of materials will be used for the sub-base and how much time will be required to complete this activity? Pandey: The material to be used for the work shall be natural sand, moorum, gravel, crushed stone, crushed slag, brick metal, kankar or a combination thereof, depending upon the grading required. Singh: The time required to construct the fine grade and sub-base is 12 weeks. Pandey: Ok. So, can we go for the next activity? Chatterjee: The next activity is constructing pavements. As per clause of manual 1501.1, the work shall consist of construction of unreinforced, plain cement concrete pavements in accordance with the requirements of these specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades and cross sections shown on the drawings. The work shall include furnishing of all plant and equipment, materials and labour, and performing all operations in connection with the work, as approved by the Executive Engineer. Singh: The time required to complete this activity is 24 weeks. Pandey: What is the next activity? Singh: The next activity is construction of shoulders and berms. As per clause of manual 407.1, the work shall consist of constructing shoulders on either side of the pavements, in accordance with the requirements of these specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades and cross-sections shown on the drawings or as directed by the Executive Engineer. Rao: What is the use of shoulders? How much time would you need to construct the shoulders? Pandey: In the event of an emergency or breakdown, a motorist can pull into the shoulder to get out of the flow of traffic and obtain a greater degree of safety. In some rural areas without sidewalks, pedestrians and cyclists may be allowed to walk or ride on the shoulders. Singh: We would need 12 weeks to construct the shoulders. Pandey: So, can we go for the next activity? Batra: The next activity is roadside improvement since it is necessary to reduce accidents on the roads. These improvements include such work as slope flattering, culvert extension, tree removal and ditch shaping. Roadside improvement provides the driver with a better chance of recovering from an accident. The time required for this activity is three weeks. Pandey: What is the next activity and how much time is required to complete that activity? Chatterjee: The next activity mainly focuses on safety. It consists of erecting guard rails, fences, installing lighting, signs and painting. For this we will install direction and place identification boards, traffic signs, kilometre stones, PMGSY sign boards, boundary pillars and guard stone pillars. Pandey: We have three important clauses for this. As per clause of manual 1701.1, the work covers supplying and installing traffic signs conforming to IRC:67 complete in all respects in accordance with these specifications and approved by engineers. As per clause of manual 1702.1, the work covers providing road markings at site including supply of materials and carrying out the work in accordance with IRC:35 and these specifications. As per clause of manual 1704.1, the work comprises supplying and fixing boundary stones as per the design and specifications given in IRC:35 and at locations indicated in the drawings or as directed by the engineer. Rao: How much time is required to complete all these activities? Singh: To complete all these activities, we will need four weeks. Pandey: So, what is the next activity? Singh: The next activity is clean-up and acceptance. After completing all the tasks for the road project, cleanup is necessary and for this we will need two weeks. Tripathi: We understand all the activities required for the construction of the road project, but what about routine maintenance? Pandey: For routine maintenance of the PMGSY road project, a five-year contract has been given to Singh.

Questions.

1. Identify the stakeholders for this project (which have not been mentioned in the case). 2. Find the critical path and project duration. 3. Construct an early/late start schedule chart. 4. Construct an early start Gantt chart. 5. Construct a late start Gantt chart.