SUBJECT: PH521 BIOSTATISTICS

Assignment: Implications of Study Findings

For your signature assignment, you will take these results and put them into a written report, similar to what you would write in your research methods course. However, this paper will focus on the results and discussion of your findings. For this paper, include the following:

1. Your paper should have the following sections: Introduction, methodology, analysis, results and conclusions.
2. State the hypothesis you tested. This includes the research question and the null and alternative hypotheses.
3. Describe the variables you used including open-ended questions where participants provided their opinions.
4. Discuss the survey you used to collect your data.
5. Analyze your results.Include a summary of the open-ended questions.What statistical test did you use? Why? What did you find? Did you calculate the results correctly?
6. Include at least one table or figure discussed in class for your statistics.
7. Interpretyour results.What do the results mean as it relates to public health policies and practice? This is the discussion portion of your paper.
8. Finally, was your null hypothesis rejected, or did you fail to reject it? What are the implications of your findings as they pertain to public health policies and practices? Include sources that support your implications. This is your general conclusion on your findings.
9. Your paper should be between four and six pages in length.

RESEARCH TOPIC AND SURVEY DATA

Introduction

Dear participant,

We invite you to participate in our survey, which aims to investigate the harmful effects of vaping and cigarette smoking on the lungs of college students aged 18-24 who have smoked for over a year. The purpose of this survey is to gather information on the prevalence of smoking and vaping among college students and to determine which habit has greater harmful effects on the lungs.

Your participation in this survey is entirely voluntary, and all responses will remain anonymous. Your honest answers will help us better understand the impact of smoking and vaping on the health of young adults and provide insights for developing effective smoking cessation programs. Thank you for your participation!

Survey Comments Page

Main research question: Does vaping have greater harmful effects on the lungs than cigarette smoking in college students aged 18-24 who have smoked for over a year?

Dependent variable question: How often do you experience lung-related symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness, after smoking or vaping?

Independent variable question: What is your preferred method of smoking or nicotine intake?

Survey Questions

1. What is your age?

a.) 18-19

b.) 20-21

c.) 22-23

d.) 24 or above

2. What is your gender?

1. Male

2. Female

3. Non-binary

4. Prefer not to say

3. What is your current college level?

1. Freshman

2. Sophomore

3. Junior

4. Senior

5. Graduate student

4. How long have you been smoking?

a.) Less than a year

b.) 1-2 years

c.) 3-4 years

d.) 5 or more years

5. Do you currently smoke cigarettes or use e-cigarettes/vape?

1. Cigarettes only

2. E-cigarettes/vape only

3. Both cigarettes and e-cigarettes/vape

4. I do not smoke or use e-cigarettes/vape

6. How often do you smoke cigarettes or use e-cigarettes/vape?

1. Daily

2. A few times a week

3. Occasionally

4. Rarely

7. What is your preferred method of smoking or nicotine intake?

1. Cigarettes

2. E-cigarettes/vape

3. Nicotine patch

4. Nicotine gum

5. Nicotine lozenge

6. Other

8. Have you ever experienced any lung-related symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness, after smoking or vaping?

1. Yes

2. No

If yes, please describe the symptoms you experienced and how often they occurred.

Open-ended Question

9. Do you believe that vaping has greater harmful effects on the lungs than cigarette smoking?

1. Yes

2. No

3. Unsure

10. Please explain your answer to the previous question. (Open-ended question)

30 SURVEY PARTICIPANTS DATA:

1.) b / a / b / c / b / c / b / a / a / No Answer

2.) d / a / a / b / a / a / a / b / a / No Answer

3.) b / a / a / c / b / b / b / a / a / No Answer

4.) a / b / b / b / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

5.) c / a / c / a / c / a / a / a / a / No Answer

6.) c / b / a / b / b / a / b / a / b / No Answer

7.) d / a / b / b / c / a / a / b / a / Vaping is highly addictive

8.) b / a / d / b/ b / a / b / a / c / Both vape & cigarette bad for health

9.) a / a / c / a / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

10.) c / b / d / c / b / b / b / a / a / Vaping has more nicotine

11.) b / a / b / c / b / c / b / a / a / No Answer

12.) d / a / a / b / a / a / a / b / a / No Answer

13.) b / a / a / c / b / b / b / a / a / No Answer

14.) a / b / b / b / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

15.) c / a / c / a / c / a / a / a / a / No Answer

16.) c / b / a / b / b / a / b / a / b / No Answer

17.) d / a / b / b / c / a / a / b / a / No Answer

18.) b / a / d / b/ b / a / b / a / c / Both vape & cigarette bad for health

19.) a / a / c / a / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

20.) c / b / d / c / b / b / b / a / a / Vaping is more addicting

21.) b / a / b / c / b / c / b / a / a / No Answer

22.) d / a / a / b / a / a / a / b / a / No Answer

23.) b / a / a / c / b / b / b / a / a / No Answer

24.) a / b / b / b / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

25.) c / a / c / a / c / a / a / a / a / No Answer

26.) c / b / a / b / b / a / b / a / b / No Answer

27.) d / a / b / b / c / a / a / b / a / No Answer

28.) b / a / d / b/ b / a / b / a / c / No Answer

29.) a / a / c / a / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

30.) c / b / d / c / b / b / b / a / a / Vaping contains more nicotine

Introduction

The purpose of this analysis is to investigate the potential harmful effects of vaping and cigarette smoking on the lungs of college students. The study focuses on students between the ages of 18 and 24 who have been smoking for over a year. The analysis will include a calculation of descriptive statistics for independent and dependent variables, bar and histogram charts, and hypothesis testing using a one-way ANOVA.

Research Question

Does vaping have greater harmful effects on the lungs than cigarette smoking in college students, ages 18-24, who have smoked over a year?

Methodology

The research collected data through a survey administered to 10 college students, ages 18-24, who have smoked for over a year. The survey included questions about demographic variables, smoking behavior, and opinions on the harmful effects of vaping and cigarette smoking on the lungs. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bar charts, and histograms.

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable of this study was whether the participant believed that vaping has greater harmful effects on the lungs than cigarette smoking. The majority of participants (60%) believed that vaping has greater harmful effects on the lungs than cigarette smoking, while 20% did not believe this and 20% were unsure.

a. Descriptive Statistics:

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Age	18-19	3	30%
	20-21	3	30%
	22-23	2	20%
	24 or above	2	20%
Gender	Male	4	40%
	Female	5	50%
	Non-binary	0	0%
	Prefer not to say	1	10%
Smoking Duration	Less than a year	1	10%
	1-2 years	3	30%
	3-4 years	1	10%
	5 or more years	5	50%
Smoking Status	Cigarettes only	2	20%
	E-cigarettes/vape only	3	30%
	Both cigarettes and e-cigarettes/vape	4	40%
	I do not smoke or use e-cigarettes/vape	1	10%
Frequency of Use	Daily	4	40%
	A few times a week	3	30%
	Occasionally	2	20%
	Rarely	1	10%
Lung-related Symptoms after Smoking or Vaping	Yes	3	30%
	No	7	70%
Belief about Harmful Effects on Lungs	Yes	4	40%
	No	3	30%
	Unsure	3	30%

b. Bar Chart: Participants' Gender and Ethnicity

• 50% Female, 30% Male, 20% No Answer
• No data on ethnicity was collected.