Question: Suppose that an instructor grades the multiple-choice midterm exam for a class of 100 students and discovers that 20 of the students in the class

Suppose that an instructor grades the multiple-choice midterm exam for a class of 100 students and discovers that 20 of the students in the class did very poorly on the exam. For the rest of the semester, the instructor provides extra tutoring to only these 20 students who did very poorly on the exam, and results on the final exam indicate that these 20 students improved their percentage correct more than the other 80 students did, on average. Of the following, which is the most appropriate reason for not concluding, based on only these data, that the extra tutoring improved the test performance of the 20 students?

Group of answer choices

A. Ecological fallacy

B. Regression toward the mean

C. Reverse causality

D. Simpson's paradox

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