Table $1.$ Observations on the natural origin and evolution of species.

Observation

Darwin

Wallace

$1$

Fossils of extinct animals turn up where similar animals live today.

X

$2$

You can tell which island a Gala$$pagos tortoise comes from by the shape of its shell.

X

$3$

Each Gala$$pagos island has a different kind of mockingbird.

X

$4$

Islands that are near each other have similar but distinct animals living on them.

X

X

$5$

Birdwing butterflies are found throughout the Malay Archipelago, but species differ slightly from island to island.

X

$6$

Animals have distinct geographic ranges, but more$-$similar species tend to live closer to each other.

X

X

$7$

Some species possess vestigial structures, such as finger bones in the flippers of manatees and similar bones in whale flippers.

X

$8$

Monkeys and orangutans are found on Borneo, while other islands in the region are home to tree kangaroos but no monkeys.

X

$9$

Animals living on islands in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago are similar to Australian fauna, while animals on western islands are similar to Asian fauna.

X

$10$

Individuals within a given species vary in small ways.

X

X

$11$

Animal populations are kept in check because a massive number of young animals die in every generation.

X

X

Activity $2$

Based on their independent observations, Darwin and Wallace arrived at the same conclusions about the origin of species. For each of the conclusions below, identify $$ by number$$ the observations from Table $1$ that these conclusions were based on$.$

Conclusions

Observations $($by number$)$ from Table $1$

Species change over time

$1,$

Species come from other preexisting species

Small variations within species can confer advantages to certain individuals that allow them to survive, reproduce, and pass their traits on

The distribution of species can reflect Earth$$s geological history