task $77===$ How do theoretical underpinnings drive civil engineering methodologies? Delve into classical theories like Newton's Laws of Motion and Hooke's Law of Elasticity, alongside modern tools like Finite Element Analysis $($FEA$)$ and Computational Fluid Dynamics $($CFD$).$ Explore their role in shaping infrastructure design, analysis, and optimization, integrating mechanics, materials science, and mathematical modeling. Evaluate how these frameworks inform engineers in crafting resilient, efficient, and sustainable solutions for diverse challenges within civil engineering projects, spanning structural dynamics, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and beyond.