task $77===$What are some foundational theories in civil engineering that serve as the bedrock for understanding and advancing the discipline? Explore principles such as structural analysis, material science, fluid mechanics, and geotechnical engineering. Investigate how these theories underpin the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure like buildings, bridges, dams, and roads. Additionally, discuss their practical applications in ensuring safety, durability, and sustainability in civil engineering projects. Analyze the historical evolution of these theories and their contemporary relevance in addressing modern challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and infrastructure resilience.