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The company I will be talking about is Apple, specifically talking about iPhone production.

Value-Added Activity - An activity that plays a part in turning a raw material(s) into the finished product that will be sold to the customer. Some examples within Apple include:

Rotational 3D polishing of the iPhone screen glass

Molding stainless steel into the body shape of an iPhone

Diamond tools finishing the edges of the iPhone body

Non-Value Added Activity - An activity that occurs but does not increase the worth of the product that is being manufactured and will be eventually sold to the customer. Some examples within Apple include:

Inspection of the iPhone once it is finished

Filling out forms required by agencies that oversee the regulations of production

Setting up the equipment that is vital in the manufacturing process of creating the iPhone

Could management have differing opinions on what is value added versus non value added?

I believe that yes management can have differing opinions on what activities add value and what activities do not. There are definitely some activities that add no actual value to the manufacturing of an iPhone, such as building maintenance of the building in which production is occurring, but could be seen as valuable by management because without that maintenance, there is a possibility that production would not able to occur at all.