Question: The answer is provided, but I need completed explanation please. What is sigma plus and why this mechanism happened this way. Thank You source: Advanced

The answer is provided, but I need completed explanation please. What is sigma plus and why this mechanism happened this way. Thank You

source: Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure and Mechanisms, fifth edition.

The answer is provided, but I need completed explanation please. What is

b. Using rate constants the solvolysis of tosylates and log(k/k) versus +, the value of was found to be (-) 4.5 . Explain the transition state that gave a negative value. Explain, why did the plotting against did not give a good fit? +is used since X will be under direct resonance with the developing carbocation in the TS

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