The ATPase Synthase Complex

Q$12\mathrm{.}1$:$$Describe the function of the three b$-$subunit conformations in the ATP synthase complex required for ATP synthesis; what is the sequence of the conformational changes during the process of ATP synthesis?

What overall structural arrangement of the ATP synthase complex accounts for the observation that a $360$ rotation of the g subunit results in the synthesis of $3$ ATP not $1$ ATP?

How many ATP would be synthesized if the conformational changes in a b subunit were found to be O $-->$ T $-->$ L$?$ What is the source of energy needed to mediate this specific sequence of conformational changes in the b subunit? Explain.

Bioenergetics of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Q$12\mathrm{.}2$:$$How many moles of H$+$ must be translocated into the matrix to synthesize $3$ moles of ATP? Explain.

Other than ATP synthase, describe the function of membrane transport proteins that are required to provide a continual supply of cytosolic ATP.

What is the ATP currency exchange ratio for the oxidation of $2$ NADH and the oxidation of $2$ FADH$2?$ Explain.

Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Q$12\mathrm{.}3$:$$How does the uncoupling protein UCP$1$ in brown adipose tissue affect the proton gradient?

Is the rate of NADH oxidation altered by the presence of UCP$1?$ Explain.

What is the source of the heat produced in mitochondria of brown adipose when UCP$1$ is present?