The break between the eastern and the western churches in 1054, known as the ________________________,(31) has never been healed. The Crusades were based upon the idea of a holy war against the infidel or unbeliever. The crusaders of the _______________(32) crusade were able to establish four Latin kingdoms in the Holy land: Jerusalem, Antioch, Tripoli and Edessa. After the death of Saladin, Pope Innocent III inaugurated a fourth crusade. The crusading army diverted to _________(33), and sacked the great capital city of Byzantium in 1204. Medieval English kings were responsible for two great innovations: in 1215, King John signed __________, (34) an important document; and in 1275, Edward I, formed the first parliament. ____________________(35) had its beginnings in the theological world of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, but reached its high point in the brilliant synthesis of Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century. The ______(36) of the mid-fourteenth century was the most devastating natural disaster in European history, ravaging Europes population and causing economic, social, political, and cultural upheaval. A daughter of well-to-do peasants, _______(37) inspired the French armies who found new confidence in themselves and liberated Orleans. Within a few weeks, the entire Loire valley had been freed of the English. The fourteenth century was a period of adversity for the internal political stability of European society. 1453, was an extremely significant year in History! In Western Europe signifies not only the end of the Hundred Years War but also the end of ________________,(38) while in the East with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, denotes the end of the ancient Greco-Roman world.