On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed...
Fantastic news! We've Found the answer you've been seeking!
Question:
Transcribed Image Text:
On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company. On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company. On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company. On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company. On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company. On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company. On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company. On January 1, 2008, the Branson Company (EIN 22-2222222) and Porto Engineering, Inc. (EIN 33-3333333), formed Branto LLC (an equally owned joint venture). During its first four years, the LLC worked with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Transportation Safety Board to design and develop a specific device for airport passenger screening. Porto provides engineering expertise, and Branson provides high-tech manufacturing, selling, and distribution expertise. Early in 2013, the two governmental agencies recommended the product. In 2014, Bran- to's screening device was being succesfully marketed, sold, delivered, and installed in airports around the United States. The LLC uses the accrual method of accounting and the calendar year for report- ing purposes. Its current address is 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA, 98124. The following information was taken from the trial balance supporting the LLC's GAAP- basis (audited) financial statements for the 2014 calendar year: Revenues: Sales revenues Interest income Total revenues Amounts related to cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory Materials purchases Labor Additional § 263A costs Other costs: Various items Book depreciation Less: Ending inventory Total amount of work in progress Other costs not related to production: $40,000,000 50,000 $40,050,000 $ 2,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 -0- 2,700,000 1,275,000 (3,000,000) $19,975,000 Other costs not related to production: Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses (no state income taxes) Charitable contributions Interest expense Meals and entertainment (subject to 50% disallowance) Travel expenses Insurance (including key employee life insurance of $100,000) Legal and professional fees Office expenses Sales and promotion expenses Utilities Warranty expense (increase to reserves; not fixed and determinable) Total other costs Net income per books and GAAP-basis audited financial statements $ 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 300,000 900,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 800,000 300,000 $10,400,000 $ 9,675,000 The beginning and ending GAAP-basis balance sheets for the LLC were as follows at December 31, 2014: Cash Accounts receivable Inventories U.S. government obligations Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total assets Beginning $ 975,000 620,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 12,000,000 (6,375,000) $10,820,000 Ending $ 825,000 2,600,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 19,500,000 (7,650,000) $19,875,000 Total assets Accounts payable Operating line of credit (guaranteed by members) Warranty reserves (not guaranteed by members) Mortgage notes on building Capital, Branson Company Capital, Porto Engineering, Inc. Total liabilities and capital $10,820,000 $ 420,000 1,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 $10,820,000 $19,875,000 $ 800,000 5,500,000 500,000 6,000,000 3,537,500 3,537,500 $19,875,000 The LLC uses the lower of cost or market method for valuing inventory. Branto is subject to § 263A; for simplicity, assume that § 263A costs are reflected in the same manner for book and tax purposes. Branto did not change its inventory accounting method during the year. There were no write-downs of inventory items, and Branto does not use the LIFO method. The LLC claimed $2,499,270 of depreciation expense for tax purposes (book depreciation is $1,275,000). All tax depreciation expense should be reported on Form 1125-A. The LLC placed $7.5 million of assets in service during the current year; this exceeds the threshold for eligibility for a § 179 deduction. Current asset additions are treated as 5-year MACRS assets. The LLC has a positive adjustment of $98,100 for AMT purposes related to tax depreciation (tax depreciation exceeds that allowable for AMT purposes). All borrowings were used exclusively for business operations; consequently, none of the interest expense is considered investment interest expense. The LLC members were required to guarantee the debt related to the operating line of credit. The accounts payable, accrued warranty claim liabilities, and mortgage were not guaranteed by the members. The mortgage relates to the real property and is considered qualified non- recourse financing. The partners share equally in all LLC liabilities, because all initial contributions and all ongoing allocations and distributions are pro rata. The LLC's activities are eligible for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD). For simplicity, assume that the LLC's qualified production activities income (QPAD) is $9.5 million. Assume the LLC's production-related W-2 wages are $10 mil- lion. Because of prior state losses and tax concessions, no current or deferred state income taxes are reported for financial purposes. No guaranteed payments were paid to either of the LLC members. Instead, the members each withdrew $3.4 million of cash during the year. None of the members contributed cash or other property to the LLC during the year. Both LLC members are U.S. Subchapter C corporations. Both members are classi- fied as domestic corporations and "LLC member-managers" on Schedule K-1. The IRS's business code for "Other specialty trade contractors" is 238900. The LLC files its tax return in Ogden, Utah. Branson Company is located at 3750 Airport Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98124 (the same as the LLC's address). The capital account reconciliation on the partners' Schedules K-1 is prepared on a GAAP basis, as are the LLC's Schedules L and M-2. On the Analysis of Income (Loss), the IRS's instructions indicate that the amounts for any LLC members should be reported on the line for limited partners. The LLC is required to file Schedule M-3, Form 8916-A (Supplemental Attachment to Schedule M-3), and Schedule C with its Form 1065. The instructions for Schedule M-3 state that, if a line description is pro- vided on pages 2 or 3 of the form (or on Form 8916), an income or expense item should be reported on the M-3 regardless of whether there is a book-tax difference. a. Prepare pages 1, 4, and 5 of Form 1065 and Form 1125-A for Branto LLC. Do not prepare Form 4562. Leave any items blank where insufficient information has been provided. Prepare supporting schedules as necessary if adequate information is provided. b. Prepare Schedule M-3 and Form 8916-A (page 1 only). Do not prepare Sched- ule C or page 2 of Form 8916-A. There are four book-tax differences (two tem- porary differences and two permanent differences). c. Prepare Schedule K-1 for 50% LLC member Branson Company.
Expert Answer:
Answer rating: 100% (QA)
Booktax differences are reported as follows 1 Depreciation Form 1125A and Schedule M3 P... View the full answer
Related Book For
Advanced Financial Accounting
ISBN: 978-0078025624
10th edition
Authors: Theodore E. Christensen, David M. Cottrell, Richard E. Baker
Posted Date:
Students also viewed these accounting questions
-
What expenses should be reported as separate line items instead of being classified by function in the government-wide Statement of Activities?
-
Should a nations income be distributed to its members according to their contributions to the production of that total income or according to the members needs? Should society attempt to equalize...
-
A reconciliation schedules is a required disclosure in the government-wide financial statements. What are the purpose and content of these reconciliation schedules?
-
Find or evaluate the integral by completing the square. 3 L= dx x + 4x + 8
-
What is endogenous growth theory and what puzzles associated with the Solow growth model does it attempt to resolve?
-
When a mixture of 10.0 g of acetylene (C2H2); and 10.0 g of oxygen (O2) is ignited, the resultant combustion reaction produces CO2 and H2O. (a) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction....
-
Prove that the constant \(a\) in Eq. (8.82) is positive for common boundary conditions. c dW(x) W(x) dx4 = 1 dT(t) T(t) dt = a = w (8.82)
-
Central Laundry and Cleaners is considering replacing an existing piece of machinery with a more sophisticated machine. The old machine was purchased 3 years ago at a cost of $50,000, and this amount...
-
Boule Company's beginning inventory and purchases during the fiscal year ended December 31, 20--, were as follows: Units Unit Price Total Cost Jan. 1 Beginning inventory 20 $32 $640 Mar. 5 1st...
-
The performance (in thousands of dollars) of Sandpiper Airlines for the most recent year is shown in the following table: The static budget had been based on a budget of $.35 revenue per passenger...
-
The 2016 Form 10-K of NetFlix includes the following footnoted information. Use this information to answer the required. The computation of net income per share is as follows: Year ended December 31,...
-
You place two magnets side by side but, instead of attracting, the magnets repel each other. Provide a possible explanation of your observation.
-
How would the following transactions affect UK net capital outflow? Also, state whether each involves direct investment or portfolio investment. a. A British mobile telephone company establishes an...
-
What, according to Keynes, was the main reason why recessions and depressions occurred? As a result of identifying this key reason, what did Keynes suggest was an appropriate policy repose?
-
Explain how the marginal propensity to withdraw affects the outcome of a rise in autonomous expenditure.
-
How would the following transactions affect UK exports, imports and net exports? a. A British art lecturer spends the summer touring museums in Italy. b. Students in Paris flock to see the latest...
-
the quantum well shown below: V(x) = Vo I II III x = 0 x = a Figure 1: Quantum Well for Problem 1 (a) Find the wavefunction general solution for each region (41(x), 11(x), and III(x)). You may assume...
-
An interest bearing promissory note for 90 days at 5.6% p.a. has a face value of $120,000. If the note is discounted 20 days after the issue date at a rate of 6.8% p.a., calculate the amount of...
-
Select the correct response for each of the following. 1. Which of the following accounts could be included in an enterprise funds statement of net assets? 2. Customers meter deposits that cannot be...
-
Friendly College is a small, privately supported liberal arts college. The college uses a fund structure; however, it prepares its financial statements in conformance with ASC 958. Partial balance...
-
Identifying Types of Revenue Transactions Required Using the requirements of GASB Statement No. 33, Accounting and Financial Reporting for Nonexchange Transactions, classify each of the following...
-
The lathe post not provided with power feed is (a) lead screw (b) carriage (c) compound rest (d) cross slide
-
A cone shaped recess at the top of drilled hole can be made by (a) countersinking (b) counterboring (c) taper drilling (d) grooing.
-
Power feed is not provided on the following drilling machine : (a) bench drill press (b) gang drilling machine (c) radial drilling machine (d) all of the above.
Study smarter with the SolutionInn App