The following elements must be considered to design safe playgrounds:

a$.$ The placement of equipment and support structures to facilitate the supervision of children in the play area

b$.$ Proper positioning of age$-$appropriate equipment to promote positive play behavior

c$.$ Selection of appropriate surfacing that will absorb the impact of children falling from the equipment

d$.$ Consideration of equipment and surface maintenance issues that contribute to the development of safe playground environments

e$.$ All of the above