The Grignard reaction is one of the classic methods in organic chemistry for the formation of...
Fantastic news! We've Found the answer you've been seeking!
Question:
Transcribed Image Text:
The Grignard reaction is one of the classic methods in organic chemistry for the formation of C-C bonds. The two-step sequence involves initial reaction of an organohalogen compound with magnesium in the presence of an ether solvent to form the Grignard reagent. - RMyX R-X • Mo The choice of an ether solvent is important as the lone-pairs of electrons on the oxygen coordinate to the Mg and help to stabilize highly polar compound. The R-X organohalogen compound can be either an alkyl or an aryl halide, and Br is most commonly used as the halogen. The above reaction takes place at the surface of magnesium particles suspended in the solution, so proper preparation of magnesium is important to increase surface are and reduce the presence of magnesium oxide. Due to the fact that Mg has a very low electronegativity, the carbon R chain attached to it behaves as if it has a negative charge and is therefore quite reactive as either a base or a nucleophile. Because of the strong basicity of Grignard reactions, great care must be taken to exclude water or other protic molecules as they will be readily deprotonated by the Grignard reagent. Grignard reagents may be used as nucleophiles addition reactions to C-O double bonds in compounds such as ketones, aldehydes, esters, and carbon dioxide. An alcohol is obtained once the intermediate is treated with water under acidie conditions. RMX R My Grignard reagents are highly reactive and can undergo undesirable side reactions if impurities such as water, carbon dioxide, or oxygen are found in the reaction. If the organohalogen compound is added too quickly to the magnesium, undesired coupling reactions may also occur. Mg RMyBr RH HOMgB RBr Mg RBr ROOM Mg RBr co RCOMyb Mg 2 RBr R-R • MgBr, In today's experiment, you will be forming the Grignard reagent phenylmagnesium bromide by reacting bromobenzene with Mg. You will then react your Grignard reagent with benzophenone (a ketone) 1. P 2 HO beruophenone phenymethanal A significant factor of today's lab is that you will be responsible for planning out your reaction and determining the amounts of the starting materials to use. All students will be running the reaction using 0.015 moles of their starting carbonyl compound and a slight excess of the Grignard reagent. You will form your Grignard reagent using 1.25 molar equivalents of the bromobenzene (relative to the benzophenone) and 1.35 molar equivalents of magnesium. You will also need to determine the best way to measure out the reagents depending on whether they are solids or liquids at room temperature. Reading Assignment: From Essential Organic Chemistry, 2" edition, by Paula Bruice "Grignard reactions" pp. 328-330. From Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 4" edition, by Mohrig, et al. "Anhydrous Reaction Conditions" pp. 90-93. Procedure: Preparation of phenylmagnesium bromide 1. Set up a reaction apparatus starting with a 100-ml round-bottom flask (with stir-bar) and Claisen adapter. Place the separatory funnel on the joint of the Claisen adapter directly above the flask. Use the straight-tube adapter and thermometer adapter to attach a drying tube to the top of the separatory funnel. Attach a reflux condenser to the second arm of the Claisen adapter. Place a small ball of cotton in the top joint of the reflux condenser. The apparatus should be clamped at the Claisen adapter and the reflux condenser. Use a Keck clip to attach the round-bottom flask to the Claisen condenser. The entire set-up should be placed above a stir-plate. Sufficient room should be left between the stir-plate and the reaction apparatus that a beaker of water may be placed under the flask if needed. Use a heat gun to thoroughly dry the reaction apparatus, but be careful not to melt any of the plastic parts. 2. Remove the round-bottom flask from the set-up and add magnesium turnings which have been freshly ground in a mortar and pestle or buffed with sandpaper. Also add 5 ml of anhydrous ethyl ether and 2-3 drops of 1,2-dibromoethane (which helps to facilitate the formation of the Grignard reagent). Return the flask to the set-up. 1. Draw your complete reaction, including the formation of the Grignard reagent and the reaction with your carbonyl compound. Below each reagent, write its molecular weight and density (if a liquid). Also write how much of each material you will use in mL (if liquid), grams, and moles. Also include the molecular weight and melting point of your final product. OH 2. How many moles of Grignard reagent are you synthesizing? What mass of water could fully react with that amount of Grignard reagent? What volume of water would that be? 3. Step 11 of the procedure is called trituration and is used to extract any nonpolar impurities from your crude product (petroleum ether is a mixture of different isomers of pentanes, hexanes, and heptanes). Considering the possible side reactions that can occur, draw the structure of the likely non-polar side product that you are removing in this step? The Grignard reaction is one of the classic methods in organic chemistry for the formation of C-C bonds. The two-step sequence involves initial reaction of an organohalogen compound with magnesium in the presence of an ether solvent to form the Grignard reagent. - RMyX R-X • Mo The choice of an ether solvent is important as the lone-pairs of electrons on the oxygen coordinate to the Mg and help to stabilize highly polar compound. The R-X organohalogen compound can be either an alkyl or an aryl halide, and Br is most commonly used as the halogen. The above reaction takes place at the surface of magnesium particles suspended in the solution, so proper preparation of magnesium is important to increase surface are and reduce the presence of magnesium oxide. Due to the fact that Mg has a very low electronegativity, the carbon R chain attached to it behaves as if it has a negative charge and is therefore quite reactive as either a base or a nucleophile. Because of the strong basicity of Grignard reactions, great care must be taken to exclude water or other protic molecules as they will be readily deprotonated by the Grignard reagent. Grignard reagents may be used as nucleophiles addition reactions to C-O double bonds in compounds such as ketones, aldehydes, esters, and carbon dioxide. An alcohol is obtained once the intermediate is treated with water under acidie conditions. RMX R My Grignard reagents are highly reactive and can undergo undesirable side reactions if impurities such as water, carbon dioxide, or oxygen are found in the reaction. If the organohalogen compound is added too quickly to the magnesium, undesired coupling reactions may also occur. Mg RMyBr RH HOMgB RBr Mg RBr ROOM Mg RBr co RCOMyb Mg 2 RBr R-R • MgBr, In today's experiment, you will be forming the Grignard reagent phenylmagnesium bromide by reacting bromobenzene with Mg. You will then react your Grignard reagent with benzophenone (a ketone) 1. P 2 HO beruophenone phenymethanal A significant factor of today's lab is that you will be responsible for planning out your reaction and determining the amounts of the starting materials to use. All students will be running the reaction using 0.015 moles of their starting carbonyl compound and a slight excess of the Grignard reagent. You will form your Grignard reagent using 1.25 molar equivalents of the bromobenzene (relative to the benzophenone) and 1.35 molar equivalents of magnesium. You will also need to determine the best way to measure out the reagents depending on whether they are solids or liquids at room temperature. Reading Assignment: From Essential Organic Chemistry, 2" edition, by Paula Bruice "Grignard reactions" pp. 328-330. From Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 4" edition, by Mohrig, et al. "Anhydrous Reaction Conditions" pp. 90-93. Procedure: Preparation of phenylmagnesium bromide 1. Set up a reaction apparatus starting with a 100-ml round-bottom flask (with stir-bar) and Claisen adapter. Place the separatory funnel on the joint of the Claisen adapter directly above the flask. Use the straight-tube adapter and thermometer adapter to attach a drying tube to the top of the separatory funnel. Attach a reflux condenser to the second arm of the Claisen adapter. Place a small ball of cotton in the top joint of the reflux condenser. The apparatus should be clamped at the Claisen adapter and the reflux condenser. Use a Keck clip to attach the round-bottom flask to the Claisen condenser. The entire set-up should be placed above a stir-plate. Sufficient room should be left between the stir-plate and the reaction apparatus that a beaker of water may be placed under the flask if needed. Use a heat gun to thoroughly dry the reaction apparatus, but be careful not to melt any of the plastic parts. 2. Remove the round-bottom flask from the set-up and add magnesium turnings which have been freshly ground in a mortar and pestle or buffed with sandpaper. Also add 5 ml of anhydrous ethyl ether and 2-3 drops of 1,2-dibromoethane (which helps to facilitate the formation of the Grignard reagent). Return the flask to the set-up. 1. Draw your complete reaction, including the formation of the Grignard reagent and the reaction with your carbonyl compound. Below each reagent, write its molecular weight and density (if a liquid). Also write how much of each material you will use in mL (if liquid), grams, and moles. Also include the molecular weight and melting point of your final product. OH 2. How many moles of Grignard reagent are you synthesizing? What mass of water could fully react with that amount of Grignard reagent? What volume of water would that be? 3. Step 11 of the procedure is called trituration and is used to extract any nonpolar impurities from your crude product (petroleum ether is a mixture of different isomers of pentanes, hexanes, and heptanes). Considering the possible side reactions that can occur, draw the structure of the likely non-polar side product that you are removing in this step?
Expert Answer:
Answer rating: 100% (QA)
Step1 Dry THF Br MgBr Mg bromobenzene Step2 OH MgBr 2 HH2O diphenylmethanone triphenylmethanol 1 We ... View the full answer
Related Book For
Chemistry The Central Science
ISBN: 978-0321696724
12th edition
Authors: Theodore Brown, Eugene LeMay, Bruce Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward
Posted Date:
Students also viewed these accounting questions
-
The Grignard reaction is one of the classic methods in organic chemistry for the formation of C-C bonds. The two-step sequence involves initial reaction of an organohalogen compound with magnesium in...
-
Rubisco has a very low turnover number, about 3CO2 per second. What might this low number tell us about the evolution of rubisco?
-
Wood conducts heat very poorly-it has a very low conductivity. Does wood still have a low conductivity if it is hot? Could you quickly and safely grasp the wooden handle of a pan from a hot oven with...
-
Orca Industries is considering the purchase of Shark Manufacturing. Shark is currently a supplier for Orca and the acquisition would allow Orca to better control its material supply. The current cash...
-
On May 31, 2016, JB Games Ltd. received its bank statement from the East Coast Savings Bank showing that JB had a balance of $12,200. The companys general ledger showed cash balance of $8,600 at that...
-
Sketch the transfer and drain characteristics of an n-channel depletion-type MOSFET with IDSS = 12 mA and VP = -8 V for a range of VGS = - VP to VGS = 1 V.
-
Consider the simple linear regression model fit to the solar energy data in Problem 2.3. Problem 2.3 Table B. 2 presents data collected during a solar energy project at Georgia Tech. a. Construct a...
-
Consider the situation of La Nacin, a hypothetical Latin American country. In 2010, La Nacin was a net debtor to the rest of the world. Assume that all of La Nacins foreign debt was dollar...
-
Bloomfield Manufacturing found the following information in its accounting records: $521,000 of direct materials used, $225,500 of direct labor, and $773,175 of manufacturing overhead. The Work in...
-
George and Harry Haygood are building contractors who specialize in the construction of private home dwellings, storage warehouses, and small businesses (less than 20,000 sq. ft. of floor space)....
-
Drake and Josh are equal partners in Boomer, LLC, an entity taxed as a partnership. The Boomer LLC agreement provides that all allocations of income, gain, loss, and deduction are to be made 60-40...
-
Changes in economic policies will often have an impact on the unemployment rate. Explain whether each of the policy changes described is likely to affect frictional or structural unemployment and...
-
Bill, age 27, earns a salary of $100,000 in 2020 when the consumer price index was 258. Bill's father earned a salary of 30,000 when the consumer price index was 85.5. As for 2020, who earned a...
-
why accrual journal entries are required and what would happen if we didn't record them at the end of the period. Give at least two examples.
-
If the Rydberg energy is 1 3 . 6 eV , what is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron drops from confined level n = 2 to n = 1 ?
-
"I had an empire of the sun. It was happy and large. White people took it away from me. Little charango. My defeated race cries, defeated by another civilization." What historical and political event...
-
A company wants to invest $500,000 in a new facility. The project will generate $120,000 in each year over the next 10 years. Calculate the projects payback period.
-
For the following arrangements, discuss whether they are 'in substance' lease transactions, and thus fall under the ambit of IAS 17.
-
Explain each of the following observations: (a) At room temperature I2 is a solid, Br2 is a liquid, and Cl2 and F2 are both gases.
-
In which of these molecules or ions does the presence of nonbonding electron pairs produce an effect on molecular shape, assuming they are all in the gaseous state? (a) SiH4, (b) PF3, (c) HBr, (d)...
-
Consider an octahedral complex MA3B3. How many geometric isomers are expected for this compound? Will any of the isomers be optically active? If so, which ones?
-
A football is thrown on a long pass. Compared to the balls initial horizontal velocity component, the velocity at the highest point is (a) greater, (b) less, (c) the same.
-
What process do you follow to make decisions for these different circumstances, and are you satisfied with the results?
-
A football is thrown on a long pass. Compared to the balls initial vertical velocity, the vertical component of its velocity at the highest point is (a) greater, (b) less, (c) the same.
Study smarter with the SolutionInn App