The H-oil process can be used to remove metals from heavy oil and bitumen. The vanadium and nickel are deposited as metal sulfides (i.e., V2S3) on the surface of the catalyst, gradually filling the catalyst pores. In one test of Peace River oil (15 API gravity, 3.4% S), the total content of metals was reduced from 240 ppm in the feed to 23 ppm in the cracked product. The catalyst was cobalt and molybdenum supported on alumina, with an initial surface area of 200 m2/g and an internal pore volume of 0.4 cm3/g. Data: density of V2S3 = 4700 Kg/m31)[10 marks] What is the daily catalyst consumption, based on metals removal, for a plant treating 80,000 bbl/day of raw bitumen? Assume that the catalyst loses its activity after the pores are 60% filled with vanadium sulfide and nickel can be neglected due to its low level. 2)[5 marks] What is catalyst cost per barrel of feed processed for a catalyst price of $4/Kg? 3)[5 marks] Which of the following could be potentially effective in reducing the cost of the operation? Give brief explanations (one sentence or two) a.Decreasing the operating temperature so that thermal cracking could slow down which in turn alleviates catalyst fouling by the deposition of carbonaceous solids on catalyst. b.Modify the catalyst support (i.e., alumina) so that it could tolerate more metal deposition before failure. c.Increase flowrate of liquid feed so that more oil can be processed. d.Increase the operating temperature to 530 oC. e.a & b

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