The normal time to perform a repetitive manual assembly task is 4.25 min. In addition, an irregular work element whose normal time is 1.75 min must be performed every 8 cycles. Two work units are produced each cycle. The PFD allowance factor is 16%. Determine (a) the standard time per piece, (b) how many work units are produced in an 8-hour shift at standard performance, and (c) the anticipated amount of time worked and the amount of time lost per 8-hour shift that corresponds to the PFD allowance factor of 16%.

Normal Time - The time to complete a task when working at normal performance - Actual time to perform the cycle depends on worker performance Tc=Tn/Pw where Tc= cycle time, Tn= normal time, and Pw= worker performance or pace Standard Time Defined as the normal time but with an allowance added into account for losses due to personal time, fatigue, and delays Tstd=Tn(1+Apfd) where Tstd= standard time, Tn= normal time, and Apfd= PFD allowance factor