The oil and gas value chain is complex and continuously evolving. Numerous challenges arise

throughout this value chain, and can vary by region and country due to unique regulatory

frameworks and circumstances. Your task is to produce a coursework that explores the key

current challenges faced by oil and gas companies in their operations in some areas along the

value chain. Specifically, the coursework should:

$(1)$ Define the and analyse key current challenges in two of the following areas, supporting

your analysis with examples from different countries or projects:

$$ Exploration and production

$$ Transportation and logistics

$$ Marketing and distribution

$$ Contractual and fiscal terms

$(2)$ Critically discuss the impacts associated with the challenges in the two selected areas.

$(3)$ Review and critically evaluate strategies or solutions that oil and gas companies have

employed to address the challenges, and propose additional solutions that can be

adopted.