The YMCA is a large, multi$-$region, charitable organization; it provides many services to the community,

including gym memberships, creative and athletic programming, day camps for kids, etc. One of the

athletic programs that it provides is swimming lessons for children and adults. The child swimming

lessons are particularly popular because they are fairly inexpensive, and obviously, help children learn to

swim.

For its swimming lessons, the YMCA follows the Lifesaving Society Program, which specifies the skills and

knowledge that children at a particular age and$/$or skill level should have. Children enter a swim level $($e$.$g$.$

Preschool $1,$ Preschool $2,$ Swimmer $1,$ etc.$)$ according to their skill, and must demonstrate proficiency at

all skills taught in that level before progressing to a new level. How the skills themselves are taught

depends on the particular instructor, however.

They YMCA of Southwestern Ontario $($YMCA$-$SWO$)$ offers swim lessons to children throughout

southwestern Ontario region to individuals who have a gym membership with YMCA$-$SWO; there are over

$15$ locations from as far as Windsor to Goderich to Woodstock that provide lessons. Given this region is

close to major bodies of water $($the Great Lakes$),$ it is imperative that the swim lessons offered by YMCASWO are as effective as possible. Consequently, the YMCA$-$SWO will be conducting some research to

better understand the factors that influence child learning of fundamental swimming knowledge and

skills. While they have a variety of studies planned, they are currently conducting a study to address the

Research Question:

Do instructor gender and presentation mode for swimming lessons impact the speed at which preschool

children learn fundamental water safety skills?

To conduct the research for this study, the YMCA$-$SWO has chosen to offer ten $(10)$ Preschool $1$ level

classes at their Stoney Creek YMCA location $($in London$)$ and their Woodstock YMCA location during the

Winter $2024$ session; these classes are only available for registration by members of YMCA$-$SWO $($for

Preschool $1,$ preschool children aged $3-5$ years are eligible$).$ Members who sign up for one of these

classes have twelve $(12)$ days in which they have swimming lessons $($they only go once a week for $12$

weeks$).$ Each of the ten $(10)$ classes can have five $(5)$ children signed into the class. The classes$$like all

swimming lesson classes at the YMCA$-$SWO$$are extremely popular; many members will attempt to

register but only some get a spot in a class $($the classes typically fill within $5$ minutes of registration

opening$).$

The YMCA$-$SWO has organized to have two different instructors teach five $(5)$ of the classes of children

each; Sonya $($female$-$identifying$)$ and Jingwei $($male$-$identifying$).$ On the first day of the classes, the

assigned instructors do an initial assessment of each child$$s fundamental water safety skills. Then, the

YMCA$-$SWO randomly selects five $(5)$ of the ten $(10)$ classes for the instructor to teach the fundamental

water safety skills through a play$-$based presentation mode, i$.$e$.$ using songs and imagination $($e$.$g$.$ songs

that involve blowing bubbles, pretending kids are rocket ships blasting through space for back floats$).$ For

the other five $(5)$ classes, the instructor will use a more traditional presentation mode $($e$.$g$.$ asking

students to blow bubbles without a song$).$ At the end of the $12$ days of lessons, the instructor conducts a

final assessment of each child$$s fundamental water safety skills, determining how many of the required

skills have improved$/$been obtained, relative to the initial assessment. During the Plan stage of the PPDAC Framework, the YMCA$-$SWO made several decisions about their sampling frame and sampling strategies. The overarching goal during the Plan stage is to ensure good quality data that represents their population of interest and answers the Research Question. Considering the decisions that the YMCA$-$SWO made about their sampling frame and sampling strategies, discuss ONE concern about their plan that you think may limit how well their data will reflect the population of interest.