This equation describes how the realized return is explained by the expected excess return, $E(R-R_{\text{f}\text{r}\text{e}\text{e}}),$ adjusted by any deviations in the factors.

The coefficients $b_1$ through $b_N$ are often called "factor loadings" and "factor betas", as they represent the responsiveness or sensitivity of the return on

the stock $($or portfolio$)$ to changes in the respective factors. $$ represents the error term.

A firm's industry would be an example of a

influence.

According to most research, which of the following factors should be considered when estimating an APT model? Check all that apply.

unexpected changes in the level of industrial production

unanticipated corporate bond spread

unanticipated changes in the structure of yields