this is the previous assignment

1. Identify a city or county agency and its mission.

2. What are the major steps or stages in the agencys budget process?

Coca-Cola company is a very famous company in the worldwide Nation and has its ceiling worldwide. Budget matters the most to every company; hence there are various phases of the budgets/the budget process. Coca-Cola company is doing lovely these years and as a mission of providing its product to everyone in every country with the utmost satisfaction to the customer. The four phases of agencies' budget process include preparation and submission, approval, execution, and audit and evaluation. The budget first gets prepared and then submitted to the topmost authorities on. The officials were going to review it for once to make sure that if it is relevant. If the officials for the rules approve the budget, then the account gets set for the future and further use. Still, if they do not support it, the members of the organization have to prepare another budget. after the proper approval of the store, one of the most important things is to execute it in an accurate and relevant way so that it can get used for the by many other officials. The last step is audit and evaluation as it is essential that we ordered our budget to make sure that it is automatically appropriate and evaluating also allow us to make better decisions and comparisons.

3. To what extent does this agency rely on the principles of fair share and base budgets in assembling and finalizing its budget request? In your opinion, what effect, if any, does this have on participants in the process?

Modelling of the economy (macroeconomic forecast: GDP, growth, inflation, deficit, unemployment, etc.) Estimation of revenue (tax & non-tax, grants & loans, etc.) Determining expenditure ceilings for ministries/departments/agencies (MDAs then draw up budgets). Release of the pre-budget statement (parameters of upcoming budget proposal - budget priorities & policies).

Formulation & negotiation of ministry/department/agency expenditure budgets. Cabinet approval.

Budget tabled in national & state legislatures by minister of finance. Committees review and scrutinize budget & revenue proposals and report to the full legislature. Amendments made (in countries where legislatures have amendment power). budget voted into law by legislature.

The total amount being allocated to sunrise state. Under-spending in the sunrise state department of health. The size of the national government deficit. Wastage in the national health budget.

Knowing which stage to monitor & when to intervene-

Different decisions are made by different people at each step of the budget process. You need to monitor the people and processes that have an impact on the development problem that you want to address and gather evidence. Then use the evidence to target the person(s) that makes the decisions that you want to influence before they make that decision.

For example, if you want to know how much money is allocated for training of skilled birth attendants in sunrise state, you need to monitor & influence budget formulation & approval stages.

Enacted budget(law): reflects what government is legally obliged to spend its funds on during budget year

In-year reports: produced on monthly, quarterly, or mid-year basis; compare actual spending with approved budget (does not show information on service delivery)

Supplementary budgets: allows government to revise original budget due to unexpected circumstances; important to monitor how these are used.

Year-end reports: consolidates information on actual expenses of MDAs, and revenue collection and debts

4. To what extent do you believe there should be greater public involvement in the budgeting process? Why? How would you propose to accomplish greater involvement? To what extent would this compromise the efficiency and closure of the process?

Why Public involvement required for budgeting process?

Good public participation practices can help governments be more accountable and responsive to their communities, and can also improve the publics perception of governmental performance and the value the public receives from their government. Transparency is a core value of governmental budgeting. Developing a transparent budget process will improve the governments credibility and trust within the community.

Traditionally, public participation meant voting, running for office, being involved in political campaigns, attending public hearings, and keeping informed on important issues of the day by reading government reports or the local newspaper. At an increased level of involvement, the public, acting as individuals and in groups, advocated specific government policies by attending or sponsoring public meetings, lobbying government officials, or bringing media attention to policy issues. Governments have used new forms of public involvement surveys, focus groups, neighborhood councils, social media, and Citizen Relationship Management systems, among others as inputs to decisions about service levels and preferences, community priorities, and organizational performance. While public participation efforts can be extremely valuable, superficial or poorly designed efforts may simply waste valuable staff time and financial resources, and at worst can increase public cynicism if the public perceives that its input has not been taken seriously.

How would we propose for greater involvement.?

Schedule. Start early enough that public input meaningfully influences decisions.

Transparency. Provide information to the public in a format that they can understand. ...

Education. Educate the public about different budget options. ...

• Fairness.
• Groups
• Technology
• Preferences.

Government should promote and participant campaign for public involvement in budgeting process will definitely help to public as well as country.

5. What changes would you recommend in the budgeting cycle and why?

- It is important to classify all the expenses in the categories of Overhead and Production. This helps in decision making for the cost reduction and setting the pricing. Overhead is the indirect cost consists of rent, office employees, marketing, etc. Whereas, production relates with expenses with labor cost, machine cost, maintenance cost, etc.

- Have master budget document in place to have the projections on the annual inflow (e.g. balance sheet, profit and loss statements).

- Focus on cash flow planning to have the ready information on due expenses.

- Performing variance analysis every month to keep focus on finances. This will offer actuals versus planned performance and offer reasons in case the projections are not accurate.

In last week's assignment, you were to identify a city agency and to answer questions about its budget process. Today, I would like for you to follow up on that same agency and the total city budget for which it is a part of. Please examine that city's total budget and identify the total sources of revenues and what percentage each of those sources are of the total. Then you should compare your information to the table below to see how your city is similar or dissimilar in its revenue blend; for example if using a city with income tax revenues, that category may makeup 20% of the total budget revenues. FIGURE 1 Breakdown of Local Government General Revenue by category, fiscal year 2017 TPC 40% 35.6% 35% 30.1% 30% 25% 22.7% 20% 15% 10% 7.3% 5% 2.4% 2.0% 0% Intergovernmental transfers Property taxes Sales taxes Other taxes Charges and miscellaneous Individual income taxes Source: Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. "State and Local Finance Initiative Data Query System" In last week's assignment, you were to identify a city agency and to answer questions about its budget process. Today, I would like for you to follow up on that same agency and the total city budget for which it is a part of. Please examine that city's total budget and identify the total sources of revenues and what percentage each of those sources are of the total. Then you should compare your information to the table below to see how your city is similar or dissimilar in its revenue blend; for example if using a city with income tax revenues, that category may makeup 20% of the total budget revenues. FIGURE 1 Breakdown of Local Government General Revenue by category, fiscal year 2017 TPC 40% 35.6% 35% 30.1% 30% 25% 22.7% 20% 15% 10% 7.3% 5% 2.4% 2.0% 0% Intergovernmental transfers Property taxes Sales taxes Other taxes Charges and miscellaneous Individual income taxes Source: Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. "State and Local Finance Initiative Data Query System