Tit$-$for$-$tat was the most effective strategy in the Prisoner's Dilemma Tournament held by Robert Axelrod. All of the following factors were cited as reasons for tit$-$for$-$tat's effectiveness, except:

it is a nice strategy, and makes a positive first impression

it is a tough strategy, that cannot be taken advantage of

it is a forgiving strategy, that allows players to put the past behind them

it is a fearless strategy, that makes decisions independent of what the other player might do