To see if there is a relationship between a mentoring program and job satisfaction of employees, Jane has compared the average employee job satisfaction level of organizations with mentoring programs with those of organizations with no mentoring programs. The presence of a mentoring program and average employee job satisfaction level were both measured at the end of $2015.$ The comparison demonstrated that average employee job satisfaction levels were higher in organizations with a mentoring program than in organizations without a mentoring program. In making this comparison, Jane was able to rule out all the other alternative explanations in the relationship between a mentoring program and job satisfaction of employees. From the comparison result, Jane has concluded that a mentoring program $($X$)$ "causes" higher level of employee job satisfaction $($Y$).$ Which of the following argument can be used to refute the conclusion made by Jane $($the conclusion that $Y$ is caused by $x)?$

All the other three arguments can be used.

$x$ does not precede $Y.$

There is no relationship between $x$ and $Y.$

There can be alternative explanations for the relationship between $x$ and $Y.$