Two or more subgroups of digits are used to code items Updating done periodically, such as daily Updating each transaction as it occurs Improper database organization where a non-primary key item is stored multiple times: Information about the structure of the data base, including a description of each data element Path of a transaction through a data processing system from point of origin to final output, or backward from final output to point of origin Sets of numbers are reserved for specific categories of data List of general ledger account numbers, allows transaction data to be coded, classified, and entered into proper accounts; facilitates preparati Improper data-base organization that results in the inability to add records to a database. Used to record large numbers of repetitive transactions Contains summary-level data for every asset, liability, equity, revenue, and expense account Used to record infrequent or nonroutine transactions Improper organization of a database that results in the loss of all information about an entity when a row is deleted. Update anamoly Insert anamoly block code group code chart of accounts audit trail online, real-time processing batch processing general journal Specialized journal Specialized journal Data dictionary