Use I = Increase, D = Decrease, or N = No effect, to indicate the effect on retained earnings for each of the listed transactions.

____ A net loss for the year.

____ A stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend.

____ A stock split in which the par per share is reduced (but not effected in the form of a stock dividend).

____ Declaration of a 5% stock dividend.

____ Declaration of a cash dividend.

____ Issue stock for noncash assets.

____ Payment of previously declared cash dividend.

____ Retirement of common stock at a cost greater than the original issue price.

____ Retirement of common stock at a cost less than the original issue price.

____ Resale of treasury stock for less than carrying value assuming no previous treasury stock sales.