Using the questions below, please answer thel case analysis for the Design Thinking and Innovation at Apple.

$$ What is innovation? What are YOUR criteria for defining innovation? $[$Please see the notes below on how I define innovation.$]$

$$ Why is it so difficult for most organizations to achieve?

$$ Apple has an extraordinary history with innovation, design and experimentation. Discuss why the company has been so successful $$ focus your comments on the following aspects: STRATEGY, INNOVATION, LEADERSHIP, and EXECUTION. Please use examples from the case rather than anecdotes.

$$ Drawing from the case study and the article by Dyer et al$.,(2023),$ what is the role of the CEO and a company's leadership in an organization dedicated to innovation? How would you rate Steve Jobs' performance at Apple in terms of creating a balance between psychological safety and honest feedback to employees?

$$ Imagine Apple took over your current employer. What would the company change to boost innovation?

Please include citations to both the case study, including page numbers for quotations, and to the journal article that you need to read to evaluate how innovation took place during this time period at Apple.

Note on Innovation:

There are many types of innovation and the key assumption in this course is that Innovation $=$ invention$*$commercialization$.$ Invention is the creation of an idea, use of a technology in a new way, creating intellectual property, etc. Those inventions can be mundane or breakthrough ones. Suffice to say that there are many types of innovation $$ disruptive innovation, breakthrough innovation, incremental innovation are some you will come across in the articles. For our purposes, a key assumption is that innovation is the product of invention and commercialization. Commercialization is critical. An invention is something that an entrepreneur can buy or license and does NOT have to invent him$/$herself$.$ Here is an example: I did research with a company in South Africa last year where the entrepreneur spotted an opportunity in the market for water conservation. Water is a scarce resource and in some areas water is wasted because of leaks or pipe failures. Her company licenses technology from Israel to monitor water pipes and systems through connecting sensors to pipes. The sensors relay data in real time so that municipalities are able to send out repair teams to fix leaks. Data is fed constantly and can predict where and when failures are likely to occur. So$,$ the invention was licensed and the commercialization is evident $$ municipalities outsource water management to external companies that control the IP$.$ This is a great example of a connected device transforming how water conservation has been revolutionized because of $4$IR technology.