visual representation statistical inference, population vs. samples, parameters vs. statistics, target population, population parameter, estimation, bias vs. variance, statistical inference methods, central limit theorem, confidence intervals, Student's T, degrees of freedom, z- and t-based intervals, general form of confidence intervals, two approaches for proportions, hypothesis testing, null hypotheses, alternative hypotheses, significance level, p-value, null distribution, z- and t-test, type I error, type II error, power and cutoff