What are lower or first$-$line managers?

a$)$ Managers concerned with developing and carrying out systems

that are used to make decisions about employees such as selection,

training, and compensation

b$)$ Managers who develop marketing strategies and make decisions

about how to implement those strategies

c$)$ Managers concerned with the direct production of items or delivery

of service

d$)$ Managers who implement, maintain, and control technology

applications