What characteristic$($s$)$ apply to the predictive, or waterfall, life cycle?

a$.$ Product scope, time and cost are determined during the planning phases at the beginning of the project and change very little throughout the remainder of the phases

b$.$ Work is extremely foreign to the project team and very little about the project is understood

c$.$ The product passes through phases sequentially until it is rejected by the customer at the end of the project

d$.$ Planning processes are repeated for each phase of the project to accommodate many expected scope changes

e$.$ None of the above apply