What is an indirect network benefit?

Multiple choice question.

Low$-$value or negative$-$value information or interactions that reduce the value of a network to users

An increase in the size of a network connected to a digital platform that causes either benefits or harm to the members of that same network regardless of anything that may be going on within other networks connected to the platform

The cost that a user would have to incur in order to switch from one network product to a competing network product

An increase in the size of a given network connected to a digital platform that causes a benefit or harm to the members of that network by affecting the value of another network that is connected to the same platform