What is interoperability when talking about the openness in distributed systems? $(2$ points$)$

$($a$)$ Interoperability in distributed systems characterizes the extent to which a new component can be added, or an existing component can be replaced or modified, without affecting those components that stay in place.

$($b$)$ Interoperability in distributed systems means that the distributed system should conform to well$-$defined interfaces.

$($c$)$ Interoperability in distributed systems characterizes the extent to which two implementations of components from different manufacturers can co$-$exist and work together.

$($d$)$ Interoperability in distributed systems characterizes the extent to which an application developed on a distributed system can be executed, without modification, on a different system.