Question: What is PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), and how is it used in microcontroller applications? Explain the relationship between the duty cycle and the average output

What is PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), and how is it used in microcontroller applications? Explain the relationship between the duty cycle and the average output voltage in a PWM signal. How does changing the duty cycle affect the brightness of an LED connected to a PWM-controlled pin? If a PWM signal has a frequency of 1 kHz and a duty cycle of 50%, what is the period of the signal, and how long is the signal ON versus OFF in each cycle? Describe how you would calculate the average voltage output of a PWM signal given a specific duty cycle and supply voltage? Discuss potential issues or limitations of using PWM for controlling analog devices, such as audio signals or precise measurements? How would you modify a PWM signal to achieve a smoother transition between duty cycle values for applications like LED dimming or motor speed control? If the maximum output voltage of a microcontroller is 5V, what would be the average output voltage for PWM duty cycles of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%? How would you calculate the average output voltage for a PWM signal if the maximum output voltage of the microcontroller is 3.3V and the duty cycle is set to 40%? Explain how the choice of PWM frequency can affect the perceived smoothness of an analog output, such as LED brightness, when using a microcontroller with a maximum output voltage of 5V

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