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To characterize all TC programs as having the characteristics outlined in the previous section would be misleading, as some such programs are grounded in evidence-informed correctional treatment principles and have promise and potential. The Salekin (2002) and Salekin et al. (2010) reviews discussed previously further identified CBT-based programs as having a positive success rate in the treatment of psychopathic clients, and generally better outcomes relative to controls. Some features of encouraging programs are discussed here. In their commentary on the psychopathy treatment literature, Simourd and Hoge (2000) aptly note, the treatment of psychopaths has an interesting history, short on quality and long on lore ... close examination of the treatment studies of psychopaths shows that most treatment efforts have failed to attend to the principles of effective interventions (p. 270). Simourd and Hoge (2000) are alluding to the risk, need, and responsivity principles (also known as RNR) of effective correctional intervention, adherence to which is common to encouraging programs. Briefly, the risk principle states that treatment intensity or dosage should be matched to the risk level of the offender, such that high-risk offenders receive a higher dosage of services, while low-risk offenders receive few or minimal services. The need principle asserts that dynamic risk factors, also known as criminogenic needs, which are linked to the origin and maintenance of antisocial behaviour and have the potential to change through treatment or other change agents (e.g., negative peers, antisocial attitudes, substance abuse, poor use of leisure, etc.), should be prioritized for treatment services. Finally, the responsivity principle states that treatment should employ cognitive behavioural methods of behaviour change (general responsivity), and that services should be adapted to the unique characteristics of correctional clientele that can impact response to services (e.g., motivation, learning style, cognitive ability, culture, personality. It should come as little surprise that the character structure of psychopathy remains stable across the lifespan, and that trying to change the persons personality as the dominant focus of treatment is likely to be greeted with little success. Attempting to do so would be akin to an attempt to transform these individuals into warm, empathic, considerate beings who experience the normal range and intensities of human emotion. Not only are such attempts likely to fail, but there is little evidence that targeting the psychopaths personality in treatment is linked to reductions in violence and other forms of recidivism. By contrast, there is an abundance of evidence that making risk-relevant changes on criminogenic needs is associated with decreases in most recidivism outcomes